History of cartography

History of Cartography

1. Cartography IFFAT ARA Lecturer Dept. of Geomatics, LMA PSTU

2. Topics to be discussed Definition Importance History of cartography Modern cartography Essential cartographic processes.

3. Definition The International Cartographic Association defines cartography as the discipline dealing with the conception, production, dissemination and study of maps.

4. Textual Definitions

5. Formal Definitions Cartography is considered as the science of preparing all types of maps and charts and includes every operation from original survey to final printing of maps (United Nations 1949, cited in Freitag 1993). Cartography is the art, science and technology of making maps, together with their study as scientific documents and works of art (I.C.A in Meynen 1973). Cartography is the discipline dealing with the conception, production, dissemination and study of maps (I.C.A. in Anonymous 1992)

6. A History of Cartography –First Maps 6200BC - Catal-HyukMap –Wall Painting Assyria –map of Mesopotamia (2500 B.C.) on a clay tablet.(interpretation) 600BC -Babylonia –first map with world surrounded by the sea and heavenly bodies(interpretation) 6 th century B.C. -first Greek map ascribed to Anaximander–no details survive Plato –first to put earth as sphere- 400 BC Erasthosthenes-250BC-measures the Earth’s circumference accurately –concept of grids 450 BC -First Map in western literature: Herodotus

7. Value of Maps

8. Value of Maps As a way of recording and storing information Governments, businesses, and society as large must store large quantities of information about the environment and the location of natural resources, capital assets, and people. Included are plat, parcel, and cadastral maps to record property, maps of society's infrastructure or utilities for water, power, and telephone, and transportation, and census maps of population.

9. Value of Maps 2. As a means of analyzing locational distributions and spatial patterns Maps let us recognize spatial distributions and relationships and make it possible for us to visualize and hence conceptualize patterns and processes that operate through space. 3. As a method of presenting information and communicating findings Maps allow us to convey information and findings that are difficult to express verbally. Maps can also be used to convince and persuade, or even propagandize.

10. Importance of Cartography

11. Importance of Cartography Three Assumptions: Cartography is relevant Cartography is attractive Cartography is modern

12. Cartography is relevant Modern cartography is key to humankind. Without maps, we would be spatially blind. Knowledge about spatial relations and location of objects are most important for enabling economic development, for managing and administering land, for handling disasters and crisis situations, or simply to be able to make decisions on a personal scale on where and how to go to a particular place.

13. Cartography is attractive Maps and other cartographic products are attractive. Many people like to use maps; to play around with maps, for instance, on the Internet; or simply to look at them. We can witness a dramatic increase in the number of users and use of maps currently.

14. Cartography is attractive

15. Cartography is attractive

16. Cartography is attractive Interactive Map

17. Cartography is attractive Collaborative Map

18. Cartography is attractive User Defined Base Map

19. Cartography is attractive Real-Time Cartography (Live Trains)

20. Cartography is attractive LBS and Ubiquitous Cartography

21. Cartography is attractive 3D and 4D Cartography

22. Cartography is attractive Geo Media Techniques (AR, VR, CrossMedia , Social Media)

23. AR Vs VR

24. Cartography is modern! Maps can be seen as the perfect interface between a human user and big data.

25. Cartography is modern! New and innovative technologies have an important impact on what cartographers are doing. Maps can be derived automatically from geodata acquisition methods, smart models of geodata can be built, and a whole range of presentation forms is now available.

26. Cartographic Process

27. Cartographic Process

28. Four Main Cartographic Processes Collecting and selecting data for mapping Manipulating and generalizing the data, designing and constructing the map Reading or viewing the map Interpreting the information presented on the map

29. Explain!

30. Let’s Explore & Have Some Fun! 

31. HOW MANY LIKES EACH COUNTRY HAS ON FACEBOOK!

32. CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY

33. What are the basic kinds of maps?

34. Political Maps Political maps show how humans have impacted the landscape. For example, city names, roads, country borders, etc. are all part of political maps. A political map often uses colors to show the boundaries between states or countries.

35. Political Maps Political maps change frequently (physical maps change very, very slowly through geologic processes) and must be redrawn often. A political map of the world that is 50 years old is no longer accurate. Wars and ethnic conflict are two major causes political maps change.

36. Political Maps

37. Physical Maps Physical maps show what the surface of the Earth looks like. A physical map highlights Earth’s natural features, such as mountains and forests.

38. Physical maps do not contain man made features. For example, a physical map would be a map of what you would see if you were looking down on Earth from space. Physical Maps Notice you do not see country borders or city markings. These divisions are created by people. For example, there is no actual line dividing Texas from its bordering states.

39. Physical Maps: Example

40. Physical Maps: Example

41. Physical Map: South Asia

42. Physical Maps There are different types of physical maps. Relief Maps – Show the difference in height between land Elevation Maps – Show the elevation, or height above sea level.

43. Physical Maps Elevation Map Relief Map

44. Map Review What is the purpose of a Political map?

45. Map Review What is the purpose of a Political map? To show borders of countries, states, cities

46. Map Review What is the purpose of a Physical map? Physical maps show what the surface of the world looks like.

47. Map Review What is the purpose of a Physical map? Physical maps show what the surface of the world looks like.

48. Map Review Think about a hiker. What kind of map would they need? A physical map. Why? They would need to know things like where mountains, forest, and rivers are.

49. Map Review I am planning a trip to New York. What kind of map would I most likely need? A political map Why? A political map would show me states and cities. This is information that I would likely need to know if going to New York.

50. Mapping Problems !!

51. Paradise in Panorama

52. Paradise in Panorama

53. Paradise in Panorama

54. Paradise in Panorama

55. Paradise in Panorama

56. Paradise in Panorama

57. Paradise in Panorama

58. THE OLDEST EXISTING MAP

59. THE OLDEST MAP Oldest existing map (6200 BCE)* Wall painting at Catal Huyuk (Turkey) Depict the town plan, with erupting volcano *Your textbook references a far younger map… Leopard pattern?

60. DISCLAIMER Ancient cartographic history is spotty Few ancient maps remain Many have been lost to time Many have been destroyed Clay is easily broken Paper and wood decompose and catch fire Bronze maps were often melted down

61. DISCLAIMER Many ancient maps have been “reconstructed” Reconstructions are suspect Many were reconstructed based upon manuscripts, which often included vague, or poetic language Many were copied graphically by medieval monks, who knew little of what they were copying

62. DISCLAIMER This presentation is far from complete How can thousands of years of cartography be summed up in a single lecture? Emphasis is given to groups of people and periods of time that the instructor is most familiar with I urge you to explore what I don’t cover here

63. BABYLONIAN MAPS

64. BABYLONIAN MAPS Ancient Babylonians had a relatively advanced culture Developed written language in the 4th millennium BCE Had a well-defined measurement system Used the Pythagorean Theorem almost 1,000 years before Pythagoras Used a sexigesimal number system and divided the circle into 360 degrees

65. BABYLONIAN MAPS The Gasur Map (2300 BCE) Mountains, water course, place names First known example of a topographic map labeled with cardinal directions

66. BABYLONIAN MAPS Statue of Prince Gudea (2100 BCE) Perhaps the first map with a bar scale

67. BABYLONIAN MAPS Town Plan of Nippur (1500 BCE) City wall, canal, park Appears to be to scale (archaeological evidence unclear)

68. BABYLONIAN MAPS Babylonian “World Map” (600 BCE) Small-scale map of the known world Babylon & Euphrates Encircling ocean is a recurring theme Lands beyond were visited by legendary heroes

69. BABYLONIAN MAPS Babylonian “World Map” (600 BCE) Reference to the 4 winds or 4 directions Map is an attempt to explain ideas in the accompanying text

70. EGYPTIAN MAPS

71. EGYPTIAN MAPS Egyptians were advanced for their time Developed written language in the 4th millennium BCE Advanced the fields of mathematics, agriculture, quarrying, medicine, art, and architecture They left us even less cartographic evidence than the Babylonians Used papyrus and wood instead of clay

72. EGYPTIAN MAPS Maps on coffin lids Lids from 2000 BCE illustrate both water and land routes to the “Underworld” Idealized plots of land and gardens Example from 1400 BCE

73. EGYPTIAN MAPS Land was to be tended to in the afterlife Curious combination of perspectives: plan and profile

74. EGYPTIAN MAPS Survey maps were perhaps the most common Egyptian maps Annual flooding of the Nile necessitated accurate maps to re-establish boundaries Maps were used for taxation purposes There are no surviving examples; we know about them from Egyptian manuscripts

75. EGYPTIAN MAPS Turin Papyrus (Map of the Gold Mines) Topographic map (1300 BCE) Located between the Nile & Red Sea Had two legends

76. EGYPTIAN MAPS

77. EGYPTIAN MAPS

78. EGYPTIAN MAPS

79. GREEK MAPS

80. GREEK MAPS Greek culture and scholarship spans thousands of years Greek literature has an unbroken history of nearly 3,000 years Reflect a gradual transition from theoretical to practical cartography From idealized concepts of the shape of the known world and “ climata ,” to map projections and coordinate geometry Reconstructions aplenty

81. GREEK MAPS Achilles Shield (800 BCE) The Earth, sky and sea, the sun, the moon and the constellations "Two beautiful cities full of people": in one a wedding and a law case are taking place; the other city is besieged by one feuding army and the shield shows an ambush and a battle. A field being ploughed for the third time. A king's estate where the harvest is being reaped. A vineyard with grape pickers . A "herd of straight-horned cattle"; the lead bull has been attacked by a pair of savage lions which the herdsmen and their dogs are trying to beat off. A picture of a sheep farm. A dancing-floor where young men and women are dancing . The great stream of Ocean

82. GREEK MAPS Achilles Shield (800 BCE) From Homer’s Illiad Not a geographical representation, but a general view of the world and man’s place in it

83. GREEK MAPS Achilles Shield (800 BCE) Encircling ocean (again) Was ridiculed by later writers, but acted as a framework for subsequent world maps

84. GREEK MAPS Anaximander’s World Map (6 th BCE) Considered to be the first world map drawn to scale

85. GREEK MAPS Hecataeus ’ World Map (500 BCE) Part of Circuit of the Earth , the first systematic description of the known world

86. GREEK MAPS Hecataeus ’ World Map (500 BCE) Part of Circuit of the Earth , the first systematic description of the known world

87. GREEK MAPS Dicaearchus ’ World Map (3 rd BCE) First meridian and parallel ( diaphragma ) Encircling ocean gone (for now) An explosion of geographic information occurred during Hellenistic times Alexander’s exploits produced volumes of information The Great Library at Alexandria was a premier storehouse

88. GREEK MAPS Eratosthenes’ World Map (220 BCE) The father of scientific cartography, and first to calculate Earth’s circumference

89. GREEK MAPS Orb of Crates (150 BCE) Based on Homer’s Ulysses Originally a 10 foot wide globe Greek cartography was incorporated into the Roman world, and distributed beyond Influence shifted from Alexandria to Rome during the Greco-Roman period

90. GREEK MAPS Orb of Crates (150 BCE) Based on Homer’s Ulysses Originally a 10 foot wide globe Greek cartography was incorporated into the Roman world, and distributed beyond Influence shifted from Alexandria to Rome during the Greco-Roman period

91. GREEK MAPS Strabo’s World Map (beginning of CE) We have his 17 volume Geography intact Recommended construction on a globe

92. GREEK MAPS Strabo’s World Map

93. GREEK MAPS Strabo’s Map of Europe

94. GREEK MAPS Ptolemy’s World Map (150 CE) The World Map for over 1,000 years Based on a projection Derived from lon / lat tables No more encircling ocean Caspian Sea enclosed Most complete geography Enclosed Indian Ocean

95. Ptolemy’s World Map

96. Ptolemy’s World Map

97. GREEK MAPS Ptolemy’s Projections (150 CE) A major cartographic breakthrough Conic Projection Resulted in far less areal and angular distortion than orthogonal grids used previously. With slight modifications, this projection is still in use today. Pseudoconic Projection Reduced distortion even further, but was more difficult to construct. Ptolemy recommended this second projection to all but the lazy .

98. GREEK MAPS Ptolemy’s Regional Maps (150 CE) Larger scale maps of smaller regions This version produced during the renaissance using woodcut techniques

99. GREEK MAPS Ptolemy’s World Map remained as “truth” until the renaissance It was scientifically-based Ptolemy’s reputation as an astronomer was beyond reproach The Roman empire peaked around the time of Ptolemy; an intellectual vacuum ensued

100. ROMAN MAPS

101. ROMAN MAPS Peutinger Road Map (335 CE) 22 ft long, 1 ft wide For use with a written itinerary

102. ROMAN MAPS Peutinger Road Map (335 CE) Entire Roman road network is laid out as parallel routes Extends into Asia and North Africa Pictographic Symbols!

103. ROMAN MAPS

104. ROMAN MAPS

105. CHINESE MAPS

106. CHINESE MAPS Stone map of China (1140 CE) Engraved stone maps were transferred to paper by ink rubbing Used to educate school children and emperors Highly accurate representations of rivers and locations

107. CHINESE MAPS Stone map of China (1140 CE) Graticule squares represent 100 li (33 mi) Represents a cartographic sophistication unknown in the West at the time

108. CHINESE MAPS Silk map of China (1470 CE) Used to demonstrate the new Confucian dynasty’s “cosmic legitimacy” Spans Korea to Europe (!?)

109. CHINESE MAPS Paper map of China (1800s) Used for bureaucratic control of the empire, beginning in the 7 th CE Yellow River (Hwang Ho) Great Wall

110. JAPANESE MAPS

111. JAPANESE MAPS Clouds used to compress distance or time

112. JAPANESE MAPS Clouds used to compress distance or time

113. MAPS of the MIDDLE AGES

114. MAPS of the MIDDLE AGES al- Idrisi’s World Map (1154) Based on Ptolemaic principles, but incorporating Islamic characteristics South at top

115. MAPS of the MIDDLE AGES al- Gharaib’s World Map (1481) Reflects religious views of 10 th century Islam Centered on Mecca South at top

116. MAPS of the MIDDLE AGES “T-O” Mappaemundi Religious maps devised and promoted by the early Christian Church “O” is the known world with encircling ocean, and “T” divides the continents East is at top “T” represents the cross The first map printed in Europe (1472)

117. MAPS of the MIDDLE AGES The Psalter Map (1260) A less obvious T-O map Jerusalem at center; biblical stories abound Christ at top, holding a T-O globe Red sea in red

118. MAPS of the MIDDLE AGES Portolan Chart (1500) Sea chart that began the tradition of “orienting” maps with north at top Radiating lines correspond to compass directions, but were identified by wind directions

119. MAPS of the MIDDLE AGES Portolan Chart (1547) Prized, but prone to error (didn’t take into consideration the spherical earth) “Luxury Edition” charts were sold to the wealthy Scenes on land were partly based in truth, and partly in myth

120. MAPS of the MIDDLE AGES

121. MAPS of the RENAISSANCE

122. MAPS of the RENAISSANCE After 1,000 years, Ptolemy is rediscovered in Europe Revisions accompanied translations

123. MAPS of the RENAISSANCE Roselli’s World Map (1508) The first “whole world” map Mythical southern continent (disc. 1820)

124. MAPS of the RENAISSANCE Apian’s World Map (1530) “Heart-shaped world” resulted by expanding Ptolemy’s projection to the entire world Quite popular during the renaissance

125. MAPS of the RENAISSANCE Waldseemüller’s World Map (1507) First to name “America” (Vespucci? Ameryk ?) Name was later removed… Purchased by U.S. Library of Congress in 2003 for $10 million—the highest price the library had ever paid for a map

126. MAPS of the RENAISSANCE Ortelius ’ World Map (1570) From the first modern atlas: Theatrum OrbisTerrarum (Theater of the World)

127. MAPS of the 17 th -19 th CENTURIES

128. MAPS of the 17 th -19 th Centuries Janssonius ’ Danish Map (1629) High level of accuracy and detail He published the 11 volume Atlas Major , containing the work of a hundred people

129. MAPS of the 17 th -19 th Centuries Hondius ’ World Map (1630) The quintessential renaissance map He improved and reissued Mercator’s atlas

130. MAPS of the 17 th -19 th Centuries van Kuelen’s World Map (1720) Based on Mercator’s projection Portolan lines are finally correct ( rhumb )

131. MAPS of the 17 th -19 th Centuries California as an island (1650) Idea came from a 1510 romance novel Reinforced by Ascension’s 1602 voyage Outlawed by Ferdinand VII in 18 th century

132. MAPS of the 17 th -19 th Centuries Great Trigonometrical Survey (1837) Funded by the East India Company Built from a single baseline George Everest completed the central spine

133. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS

134. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Thematic mapping is only about 300 years old Developed primarily in Europe Used in conjunction with new statistical tools to describe The physical world (trade winds, magnetic declination, topography, etc.) The social world (population, disease, ethnicities, etc.)

135. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Halley’s Wind Map (1686) The first weather map illustrates prevailing winds

136. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Halley’s Declination Map (1701) Isogons identify variations in magnetism

137. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Smith’s Geological Map (1815) First geological map of Britain, and the basis for all subsequent geological maps William “Strata” Smith developed the “principle of faunal succession”

138. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Harness’ Transportation Map (1837) The first flow map illustrates transportation magnitudes via proportionally scaled lines

139. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Montizon’s Population Map (1830) The first population dot density map

140. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Snow’s Cholera Map (1855) The first epidemiological map (dot density) illustrates cholera cases in relation to water pumps

141. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS d’Angeville’s Population Map (1836) An early choropleth Tone-value relationship is reversed

142. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Petermann’s Cholera Map (1848) An early density surface illustrating concentrations of cholera cases

143. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Pritchard’s Ethnographic Map (1843) A qualitative map illustrating the spatial distribution of ethnic groups A chorochromatic map (“place-color”)

144. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Berghaus ’ “Ideal” Geologic Cross-Section (1838) From one of the most extensive and detailed early thematic atlases

145. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Minard’s Emigration Flow Map (1862) Four attributes: magnitude, location, direction, and nationalities/racial groups

146. EARLY THEMATIC MAPS Duchatelet’s Prostitute Map (1836) A choropleth map illustrating concentrations of prostitutes in Paris

147. T H A N K Y O U!!