History of civil engineering

Intended as introduction to civil engineering for PEACI freshmen

1. History of civil engineering Peaci-es 111 : civil engineering orientation

2. Civil engineering Ci vil engineering  is a  professional engineering  discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways. History and Heritage of Civil Engineering. ASCE Archive

3. ANCIENT ROADS built by romans Modern Highways

4. ANCIENT BRIDGE OF SHADRAVAN; OLDEST BRIDGE IN WORLD The ancient bridge is located 300 metres south-west of  Shushtar  in southern Khuzestan province. It is built on the main branch of Karun River, and now its ruins are seen beside Azadegan Bridge . Iran Front Page (IFP ). IFP Editorial Staff. March 16, 2019

5. The world's longest bridge is the Danyang – Kunshan Grand Bridge in China, part of the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway. The bridge, which opened in June 2011, spans 102.4 miles (165 kilometers).  By  Katharine Gammon - OurAmazingPlanet Contributor  February 28, 2013

6. Maranaw Photo Colorization History PANTAR BRDIGE Pantar Bridge is a half-century-old American-built truss bridge.

7. Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by  artisans , such as  stonemasons  and  carpenters , rising to the role of  master builder . Knowledge was retained in  guilds  and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads, and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. Victor E. Saouma . “ Lecture Notes in Structural Engineering”

8. 4000 – 2000 BC earliest practices of civil engineering in ancient Egypt and Ancient Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) when human abandoned the nomadic way of living. It is said that it is when human first built a roof for its shelter . NOMADIC means roaming about from place to place aimlessly, frequently or without a fixed pattern of movement . During this time, transportation have become increasingly important leading to the development of the wheels and sailing.

9. The construction of pyramids in Egypt (2700-2500 BC) were some of the first instances of large structures constructions . Colosseum (Rome) Great Wall of China Kings historic and huge Palaces all over the world Taj Mahal of India

10. Roads were the key to Rome’s military might. Reduced travel time and marching fatigue allowed the fleet-footed legions to move as quickly as 20 miles a day to respond to outside threats and internal uprisings. The first major Roman road—the famed Appian Way, or “queen of the roads”—was constructed in 312 B.C. to serve as a supply route between republican Rome and its allies in Capua during the Second Samnite War . HISTORY CHANNEL. Evan Andrews

11. Roads were expertly engineered. Crews began by digging shallow, three-foot trenches and erecting small retaining walls along either side of the proposed route. -bottom section of the road was usually made of leveled earth and mortar or sand topped with small stones. -foundation layers of crushed rocks or gravel cemented with lime mortar. - surface layer was constructed using neatly arranged blocks made from gravel, pebbles, iron ore or hardened volcanic lava.  HISTORY CHANNEL. Evan Andrews

12. Inventions We Owe to the Ancients: Concrete Colosseum, Rome. (Credit: Art Media/Getty Images) Opus caementicium , or Roman concrete, first emerged some 2,100 years ago, and would make possible the architectural frenzy that began with Augustus, the first Roman emperor, in 27 B.C. The Romans mixed limestone with volcanic ash to form a mortar , then packed this thick substance together with chunks of brick or volcanic tuff to form the basic material for roads, bridges, aqueducts, buildings and other Today’s scientists have concluded that Roman concrete, though weaker than modern cement , is astonishingly long lasting , remaining relatively intact even after centuries of exposure to seawater and other damaging elements. HISTORY CHANNEL. Evan Andrews

13. Engineer and Architect Until modern time, Engineer and Architect often referred to as the same person until 18 th century . Architecture is more concerned with floor plans, spatial concern, shapes and design of the structures. In short, architecture is more concerned with the artistic aspect. They have some quite understanding of structures and of physics but not as much as a civil engineer.

14. Engineer and Architect Architects would hand their designs to the engineer and the engineer would make sure the entire structure could support itself . For layman’s term, if you ask an engineer a design for your house he will give you simplified design that will satisfy safety and economy of the structure. If you refer to an architect you will see artistic designs that might be difficult to make and build and may take some time to materialize and its up again to the engineer to make sure that the design can support itself.

15. Both  Civil Engineering and Architecture  are involved in planning and designing structures. However, Architecture focuses more on the spatial functionality and aesthetics of the development work and is more concerned with the artistry, look, feel and functionality of the design, while Civil Engineering concentrates on the structural elements of the design, making certain that the structure can endure normal and extreme conditions.

16. how the term civil engineering was first used? In 18 th century, the term “civil engineering” came into use to describe engineering work that was performed by civilians for nonmilitary purposes . That is why civil engineering has a very broad coverage, definition and sub-disciplines.

17. École des Ponts ParisTech (originally called  École nationale des ponts et chaussées  or  ENPC , also nicknamed  Ponts ) is a university-level institution of higher education and research in the field of science, engineering and technology. Founded in 1747 by  Daniel-Charles Trudaine , it is one of the oldest and one of the most prestigious French  Grandes Écoles . The school is under the  Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy  of France.  In 1747, the first institution for the teaching of civil engineering, the  École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées  was stablished in France     " Ecole des Ponts ParisTech " . usinenouvelle.com. 10 March 2015.

18. Norwich University The first private college to teach civil engineering in the United States was  Norwich University , founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. Norwich University – The Military College of Vermont is a  private university  in  Northfield, Vermont . It is the oldest private military college in the United States. The university was founded in 1819 at  Norwich, Vermont , as the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy. It is the oldest of six  senior military colleges  and is recognized by the  United States Department of Defense  as the "Birthplace of ROTC" ( Reserve Officers' Training Corps ).   "Images of Its Past" . History of Norwich University. Norwich University. 2018. 

19. FaTHER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was  John Smeaton , who constructed the  Eddystone Lighthouse "What is Civil Engineering?" .  The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering .  .   In 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. He pioneered ' hydraulic lime ', a concrete that cured under water, and developed a technique of securing the blocks using  dovetail joints  and  marble   dowels .

20. Civil engineers have saved more lives more than all doctors in history, by development of clean water and sanitation. Based on Philadelphia statistics, number of typhoid fever cases per 100,000 population have reached to nearly 700 cases between 1890 to 1900. But as the slow sand filters was completed in 1906 the cases dropped to less than a hundred per 100,000 population. Steel.McGhee . Water Supply and Sewerage. 5 th Edition  

21. The first degree in Civil engineering in the U.S. was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. John Wesley Gunn of Lexington received first civil engineering degree from A & M College (U.K.) in 1890. The first civil engineering degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blacth in 1905.

22. Sub-disciplines There are a number of sub-disciplines within the broad field of civil engineering.  Construction engineering Earthquake engineering Environmental engineering Geotechnical engineering Materials science and engineering Structural engineering Surveying Transportation engineering Water resources engineering

23. CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING Construction engineering  involves planning and execution, transportation of materials, site development based on hydraulic, environmental, structural and geotechnical engineering. As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types of civil engineering firms do, construction engineers often engage in more business-like transactions, for example, drafting and reviewing contracts, evaluating  logistical operations , and monitoring prices of supplies. Key words: engineering management, PERT CPM, Bidding Documents, Quantity Surveying, etc.

24. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING contemporary term for  sanitary engineering , Environmental engineering deals with treatment of chemical, biological, or thermal wastes, purification of water and air, and  remediation  of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport,  water purification ,  waste water treatment , air pollution,  solid waste treatment ,  recycling , and  hazardous waste management . Environmental engineers administer pollution reduction,  green engineering , and  industrial ecology . Environmental engineers also compile information on environmental consequences of proposed actions.

25. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Geotechnical engineering  studies rock and soil supporting civil engineering systems. Knowledge from the field of  soil science , materials science,  mechanics , and  hydraulics  is applied to safely and economically design  foundations ,  retaining walls , and other structures . Geotechnical engineers frequently work with professional  geologists  and soil scientists.

26. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Materials science  is closely related to civil engineering. It studies fundamental characteristics of materials, and deals with ceramics such as concrete and mix asphalt concrete, strong metals such as aluminum and steel, and  thermosetting polymers  including  polymethylmethacrylate  (PMMA) and carbon fibers. Materials engineering  involves protection and prevention (paints and finishes). Alloying combines two types of metals to produce another metal with desired properties. It incorporates elements of  applied physics  and  chemistry . With recent media attention on  nanoscience  and  nanotechnology , materials engineering has been at the forefront of academic research. It is also an important part of forensic engineering and  failure analysis .

27. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Structural engineering  is concerned with the  structural design  and  structural analysis  of buildings, bridges,  towers ,  flyovers  (overpasses), and other structures. This involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads, and then designing the structure to successfully support and resist those loads. The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfill the function they are designed for (to be  serviceable ).

28. SURVEYING Surveying  is the process by which a surveyor measures certain dimensions that occur on or near the surface of the Earth. Surveying equipment such as levels and theodolites are used for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances . Although surveying is a distinct profession with separate qualifications and licensing arrangements, civil engineers are trained in the basics of surveying and mapping, as well as  geographic information systems . Surveyors also lay out the routes of railways,  tramway tracks , highways, roads, pipelines and streets as well as position other infrastructure, such as  harbors , before construction.

29. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Transportation engineering  is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining transportation infrastructure which includes streets, canals, highways,  rail systems , airports, ports, and  mass transit . It includes areas such as transportation design,  transportation planning ,  traffic engineering , some aspects of  urban engineering ,  queueing theory ,  pavement engineering ,  Intelligent Transportation System  (ITS), and infrastructure management.

30. WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Water resources engineering  is concerned with the collection and management of water (as a  natural resource ). As a discipline it therefore combines elements of hydrology, environmental science,  meteorology ,  conservation , and  resource management . This area of civil engineering relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both underground ( aquifers ) and above ground (lakes, rivers, and streams) resources. Water resource engineers analyze and model very small to very large areas of the earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows into, through, or out of a facility. Although the actual design of the facility may be left to other engineers.