History of communications

This slide describes about the history of communications which is useful in mobile technologies and networking field.

1. COMMUNICATIONS HISTORY

2. What is Communication? Communication The process of creating and exchanging meaning through symbolic interaction. Verbal communication Communication in the form of spoken or written words. Nonverbal communication Communication in the form of gestures, eye contact, or tone of voice.

3. Non Verbal: Sound Drums were one way to send signals to neighboring tribes and groups. Different drumming patterns would tell them of concerns and events they needed to know.

4. Non Verbal: Smoke Signals Smoke signals were another way to send messages to people who were not close enough to use words.  Bring Home Milk

5. Verbal Storytelling Before the written word, storytelling was a way for families and communities to pass on information.

6. Communication History Timeline Speech Cave Drawings Petroglyphs Pictograms

7. Speech Speech is the expression of, or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds. Human communication was revolutionized by speech.

8. Symbols Symbol - Something that represents or stands for something else The imperfection of speech resulted in the creation of new forms of communication, improving both the range at which people could communicate and the longevity of the information.

9. Cave Drawings Around 30,000 BC murals were painted on cave walls that told stories of battles, hunts, and culture.

10. Petroglyphs Around 10,000 BC images were created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading.

11. Pictograms 9,000 BC saw the development of pictures that represent an object or an idea.

12. Ideogram A written character that symbolizes the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it, e.g., numerals and Chinese characters.

13. Writing a sequence of letters, words, or symbols marked on paper or other surface appeared around 2700 BC

14. Alphabet a set of letters or symbols in a fixed order used to represent the basic sounds of a language in particular, the set of letters from A to Z 1700 BC

15. The Printing Press Johann Gutenburg invented an actual printing press in 1450 Gutenburg was the first to use a press to print the Bible, the oldest full length volume printed. From Gutenburg's press in Mainz , Germany, printing spread all over Europe.  

16. Typewriter In 1714 an Englishman, Henry Mill, received the first patent for a typewriter.

17. Telegraph 1831 Joseph Henry invents the first electric telegraph. 1832 Samuel Morse invents Morse Code.

18. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in Boston in 1876. One hundred twenty years later there are over 360 million telephone numbers, and that figure grows each year. Telephone

19. Computer 1951, The first commercially available, “ mass produced ” electronic computer entered the market The computer was manufactured in the United States.

20. Computers for the next decades? Computers are integrated small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devices Technology is in the background computer are aware of their environment and adapt (“location awareness”) computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g., call forwarding, fax forwarding, “context awareness”)) Advances in technology more computing power in smaller devices flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption new user interfaces due to small dimensions more bandwidth per cubic meter multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional wireless telecommunication networks etc. („overlay networks“)

21. Online Sources In 1973 a global computer network emerged, providing a variety of information and communication facilities. These interconnected networks use standardized communication protocols.

22. Wireless vs. Mobile Wireless vs. mobile Examples   stationary computer   notebook in a hotel   wireless LANs in historic buildings   Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks: local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11, ETSI (HIPERLAN) Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN

23. Applications Vehicles transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB personal communication using GSM position via GPS local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance system, redundancy vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in advance for maintenance Emergencies early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc. crisis, war, ...

24. Emails Short for “ electronic mail, ” email is a means of sending messages online. E mail also allows you to send files as attachments to email messages.

25. Online calling 2003 - Software that allows you to call people on their computers or phones.

26. INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS

27. APPLICATIONS: Entertainment Education Location Service Information Service (push, pull)

28. MOBILE DEVICES

29. DISADVANTAGES: Power Consumption Limited User Interface Loss of Data Limited Memory Low Transmission Rate Lower Security

30. ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave equations (1864) H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates with an experiment the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1888, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the location of today’s University of Karlsruhe)

31. 1896 Guglielmo Marconi first demonstration of wireless telegraphy (digital!) long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary (> 200kw) 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections huge base stations (30 100m high antennas) 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco 1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi reflection at the ionosphere smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben) 1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin wires parallel to the railroad track

32. 1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news) 1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong) 1958 A-Netz in Germany analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers 1972 B-Netz in Germany analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but location of the mobile station has to be known) available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customer in D 1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries) 1982 Start of GSM-specification goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming 1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, analog) 1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

33. 1986 C-Netz in Germany analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital signaling, automatic location of mobile device Was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage 1991 Specification of DECT Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km 2 , used in more than 50 countries 1992 Start of GSM in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels automatic location, hand-over, cellular roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 200 countries services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

34. 1994 E-Netz in Germany GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells As Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population ) 1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network) ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s) 1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11 IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning 1998 Specification of GSM successors for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European proposals for IMT-2000 Iridium 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

35. 1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s Decision about IMT-2000 Several “members” of a “family”: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, … Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode First step towards a unified Internet/mobile communicaiton system Access to many services via the mobile phone 2000 GSM with higher data rates HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!) UMTS auctions/beauty contests Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ payed in Germany for 6 licenses!) 2001 Start of 3G systems Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan

36. WORLD WIDE WIRELESS SUBSCRIBERS

37. CELLULAR SUBSCRIBERS - 2002 2004: 715 million mobile phones delivered

38. AREAS IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION Wireless Communication transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay) modulation, coding, interference media access, regulations ... Mobility location dependent services location transparency quality of service support (delay, jitter, security) ad-Hoc & sensor ... Portability power consumption limited computing power, sizes of display, ... usability

39. SIMPLE COMMUNICATION MODEL

40. CONTENTS PROVIDED

41. A Short history of Mobile Communication: ● 1958 in Germany, the A1 net was established – In 1970 it has had a coverage of 80% of the area and 95% of the population in Germany. – The limitation was by 11’000 users ● In 1972 an new net was established – 1986 the network was working to full capacity of 27’000 ● In 1982 the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations founded a working group. ● 1987 the Global System for Mobile communications standard was available ● 1991 in Switzerland the first devices are presented ● In 1995 SMS was available ● UMTS stands for Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service – The maximum data transmission rate is 2Mbit/s – Simpler extension of the net – Break-through of the technology in the year 2010 ● SMS stands for Short Message Service – The message payload is 140 bytes – By 2004 more 500 billion messages were sent per year. – In the year 2000 just 17 billion were sent. – The most frequenter texters are in Singapore. About 2300 SMS per year in 2003 ● MMS stands for Multimedia Messaging System – MMS was originally developed for 3G ● WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol

42. PDA’s: ● PDA stands for Personal Digital Assistant ● Three different Operating systems are available: – Palm OS was developed by US Robotics By August 2003 there where more then 19000 applications available – Windows CE is a variation of Microsoft's Windows real-time operating system runs also under Smartphone under or the Sega Dreamcast – Symbian OS was original developed Psion by the name EPOC

43. MULTIMODE DEVICES

44. TRANSMISSION SPEEDS

45. 3G & 4G

46. References: Wikipedia.org m-lehrstuhl.de tagesanzeiger.ch Mobile Commerce Report, Durlacher Research Ltd, www.durlacher.com UMTS Report An Investment Perspective, Durlacher Research Ltd, www.durlacher.com Professional Communications Texas Education Agency Mobile Commuications Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller(revised by A. Grilo) http://www.jochenschiller.de/ [email protected]

47. Thank You!!