HISTORY OF DIALYSIS

HISTORY OF DIALYSIS

1. HISTORY OF DIALYSIS DR.MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR [email protected]

2. 1750 DIALYSIS MEMBRANES 1750:Advances in the dovelopment of smokeless gunpowder led to the synthesis of a strong Nitrocellulose called “ collodion ”.

3. 1828 Wohler : 1828 synthesizes Urea and describes its molecular structure

4. 1943-45 This researches showed that life could be prolonged in patients dying of renal failure. and the artificial kidney was developed into a clinically useful apparatus by Kolff in 1943 - 1945.

5. 1850 Thomas Graham ‘s experiment to demonstrate diffusion across a semipermeable membrane ( Pergamon paper)

6. 1854 Thomas Graham of Glasgow, who first presented the principles of solute transport across a semipermeable membrane in 1854. Many have played a role in developing dialysis as a practical treatment for renal failure

7. 1888

8. 1913 the first hemodialysis in a human being was by Hass (February 28, 1924) . The artificial kidney was first developed by Abel, Rountree and Turner in 1913

9. THE FIRST HEMODIALYSIS :1913 EXPERIMENT

10. THE FIRST HUMAN EXPERIMENT:1926 George has used a collodion tube arrangement to successfully dialyze human subjects Allergic reactions to impurities in Hirudin led him to abandon his experiment

11. THALHMER EXPERIMENT

12. 1937 Thalhimer successfully lowers BUN by performing Hemodialysis in anephric dogs

13. 1937 Nils Alwall used the Alwall Kidney to perform the first ever hemodialysis treatment at the university of Lund,Sweden

14. ALWALL KIDNEY MODEL

15. 1945 Kolff donated the five dialysers he’d made to hospitals around the world, including Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York. At the time of its creation, Kolff’s goal was to provide life support during recovery from acute renal failure.

16. 1943 Kolff was the first to construct a working dialyzer in 1943

17. 1945 The first successfully treated patient was a 67-year-old woman in uremic coma who regained consciousness after 11 hours of hemodialysis with Kolff’s dialyzer in 1945.

18. 1946 Subsequently he used such shunts, made of glass, as well as his canister-enclosed dialyzer, to treat 1500 patients in renal failure between 1946 He reported this first in 1948 where he used such an arteriovenous shunt in rabbits.

19. Alwall also was arguably the inventor of the arteriovenous shunt for dialysis. Dr. Nils Alwall encased a modified version of this kidney inside a stainless steel canister, to which a negative pressure could be applied, in this way effecting the first truly practical application of hemodialysis , which was done in 1946 at the University of Lund.

20. Dr. Nils Alwall : The original Kolff kidney was not very useful clinically, because it did not allow for removal of excess fluid. Subsequently, he collaborated with Swedish businessman Holger Crafoord to found one of the key companies that would manufacture dialysis equipment in the past 40 years

21. 1950 By the 1950s, Willem Kolff’s invention of the dialyser was used for acute renal failure, but it was not seen as a viable treatment for patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD).

22. 1950 In addition, a patient undergoing dialysis suffered from damaged veins and arteries, so that after several treatments, it became difficult to find a vessel to access the patient’s blood. Firstly, they thought no man-made device could replace the function of kidneys over the long term

23. 1957 Addition of Camphor to this substance led to the synthesis of stable and strong “plastics” Helmut Staldiger polymerized “Cellulose”

24. The composition of the dialysis solution is also sometimes adjusted in terms of its sodium and potassium and bicarbonate levels These include frequency (how many treatments per week), length of each treatment, and the blood and dialysis solution flow rates, as well as the size of the dialyzer.

25. 1960 1960, as reported to the First International Congress of Nephrology held in Evian in September 1960. Immediately the problem arose of who should be given dialysis, since demand far exceeded the capacity of the six dialysis machines at the center

26. 1962 In 1962, Scribner started the world’s first outpatient dialysis facility, the Seattle Artificial Kidney Center , later renamed the Northwest Kidney Centers . In general, the larger the body size of an individual, the more dialysis he will need.

27. The composition of the dialysis solution is also sometimes adjusted in terms of its sodium and potassium and bicarbonate levels These include frequency (how many treatments per week), length of each treatment, and the blood and dialysis solution flow rates, as well as the size of the dialyzer.

28. THANK YOU