History of earth

1. HISTORY OF EARTH UNIT 3

2. Supernova Nebula Temperature rose due to nuclear fusion reactions Temperature fall and materials start condensing Condensed fragments collided and got together until planets were formed The origin of the Solar System

3. THE SOLAR SYSTEM

4. Absolute dating methods measure the time that has elapsed since a geologic event happened (rock formation , deposition of a stratum , the age of a fossil , etc .). They are: SedBiological methods imentological methods Radiometric methods METHODS OF ABSOLUTE DATING

5. Biological methods These are based on the analysis of biological rhythms associated with intervals of time, such as the growth rings of trees or daily growth bands ( striations ) on living corals . Each year , trees develop two rings : one light ring (in spring ) and one dark ring (in summer ). By doing a very simple calculation , we can tell the age of a tree if we count the number of rings inside the tree trunk .

6. Sedimentological methods These are based on cyclical sediment deposits, like what happens with glacial varves , which are sediments that are deposited at the bottom of glacial lakes, depending on seasonal changes. Winter Summer Ice Glacial lake Thick clear layer of sediments Thin dark layer of sediments Glacial varves Only a thin dark layer (consisting of clays and organic matter) accumulates when the surface of the lake is frozen over in winter . A thick clear detrital layer is deposited into the lake when the ice melts in summer . It is possible to calculate the age of the lake by counting the varves .

7. Radioactive elements such as uranium 238 (U238) or carbon-14 (14C) are used ; they may be contained in rocks , fossils or archaeological remains . Radiometric methods Radioactive isotopes are unstable and emit radiation, so that after some time, they transform into other more stable atoms.

8. HALF LIFE OF RADIACTIVE ATOMS If we know the rate of disintegration, we can date the age of a sample by measuring the ratio between unstable radioactive atoms and stable atoms formed from them.

9. METHODS OF RELATIVE DATING Relative dating consists of ordering the strata or geological events recorded in one or more stratigraphic series chronologically , without specifying how long ago they occurred or how long they lasted . Relative dating is achieved by interpreting satratigraphic series, uisng the following basic principles : Principle of uniformitarism Principle of the sucession of geological events Principle of the arrengement of strata Original horizontality Lateral continuity Superposition Principle of the sucession of fossils

10. The four steps of fossilization Death Burial Replacement Erosion

11. INDEX FOSSILS

12. CATASTROPHISM

13. UNIFORMITARISM

14. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

15. The Precambrian Era: Geological and paleoclimatic events Hadean era (4,500-3,800 m.y. ) Meterorites continually collided the Earth Layers were formed Atmosphere and oceans were formed The Moon was formed Life appeared at the end of the period Meteorite bombardment stopped Tectonic plates movement started Oxygen appeared in the atmosphere Iron oxide appeared in rocks Rodinia supercontinent was formed The biggest glacial period started Archaean and Proterozoic (3,800-540 m.y. )

16. 542 to 500 million years ago , the continents were separated by shallow , warm seas. 460 to 350 million years ago , the continents began to come together . The Caledonian orogeny mountain ranges formed as a result of several continental masses colliding and glaciation occurred . 300 to 250 million years ago , the Variscan orogeny mountain-building event was caused by new continental collisions . The supercontinent Pangea II was formed and there was another glaciation . The climate in the inland regions of the continent was very dry as it was very far from the sea. An episode of massive volcanic activity occurred at the end of the Permian period that caused global warming due to increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . The Paleozoic Era: Geological and paleoclimatic events

17. 250 to 200 million years ago , the continents came together as Pangea II. The climate was very warm and very dry in the interior of the supercontinent . At the end of the Triassic period , continental fragmentation began and shallow seas opened up. 200 to 145 million years ago , the opening of the continents continued . The climate was much wetter and it was still warm (tropical to humid temperate environments ). 145 to 65 million years ago , the continents continued to separate ( the Atlantic opened up), but Africa and India started colliding with Eurasia, which initiated the uplifting of the Alpine orogeny mountain building event . The climate started to cool . At the end of the Cretaceous period , global volcanic activity increased and a large asteroid struck Earth . The Mesozoic Era: Geological and paleoclimatic events

18. 65 to 23 million years ago , the separation of the continents that began in the Cretaceous period ( the opening of the Atlantic ) continued and India completed its collision with Eurasia. This marked the end of the Alpine orogeny . The mountains on the western boundary of America formed . The climate at this time was still subtropical and humid in almost all regions . 23 to 2.5 million years ago , the continents reached positions close to the ones they are in at the present time. The Red Sea and East Africa's Great Rift Valley opened . The climate became cooler and more arid . 2.5 to 0 million years ago , several glacial episodes occurred. The Cenozic Era: Geological and paleoclimatic events

19. 3,800 to 3,500 million years ago , the earliest life appears on Earth , probably originating in an aquatic environment . There are indications of this in the biochemical clues that appear in rocks from this time and in the first fossilised prokaryotes . The Precambrian Era: Biological events 3,400 million years ago , stromatolites appear. These are structures produced by the activity of cyanobacteria. These and other photoautotroph organisms filled the atmosphere with oxygen that produced mass extinction of anaerobic organisms 2,000 million years ago. 700 to 542 million years ago , mass extinctions occur during glaciations and a subsequent explosion of biodiversity takes place. In the Proterozoic formations in Ediacara (Australia), fossils of beings similar to simple animals appear ( some different from existing groups and others such as sponges , jellyfish and worms ). 1,700 to 1,000 million years ago, eukaryotes and multicellular organisms emerge.

20. Ediacaran fauna

21. 542 to 460 million years ago , there was a great explosion of marine life . The majority of invertebrate groups , including the first chordates , appeared . The Paleozoic Era: Biological events 460 to 400 million years ago , fish appeared . Marine biodiversity decreased due to the glaciation at the end of the Ordovician period , but it recovered later . New groups of fish started showing up. The first plants and terrestrial arthropods emerged. 400 to 250 million years ago, there was a great diversity of fish. Plants without seeds, and later conifers, flourished in the terrestrial environment. The first amphibians and early reptiles started showing up. The latter proliferated and diversified, adapting better to arid conditions. At the end of the era, the greatest mass extinction in the history of the Earth occurred (90% of species were wiped out).

22. Life in the Paleozoic Era (540-250 m.y. ) Trilobite Armoured fish Ferns Terrestrial animals

23. 250 to 200 million years ago , fish and marine invertebrates recovered from the Permian extinction. On land, the arid climate favoured primitive gymnosperms, insects and reptiles (the latter adapted to all environments). The first dinosaurs and early mammals started showing up. The Mesozoic Era: Biological events 200 to 145 million years ago, there was a great diversity of marine invertebrates. Fish and marine reptiles dominated the seas. Conifers dominated the flora and dinosaurs diversified and reached large sizes. The first birds appeared. 145 to 65 million years ago, there was a great diversity of marine life and dinosaurs. Flowering plants, pollinating insects and marsupials appeared. The end of the Cretaceous period saw a rapid mass extinction, especially of many sea creatures, such as the ammonites, and terrestrial creatures such as dinosaurs.

24. Life in the Mesozoic Era (250-65 m.y. ) Dinosaurs Gymnosperms Ammonite

25. 65 to 23 million years ago , the survivors of the extinction in the Cretaceous period , especially angiosperm plants , mammals and birds , spread and diversified . The Cenozoic Era: Biological events 2.3 to 2.5 million years ago , birds and mammals diversified widely , and in many cases, into large sizes . Many of the existing groups , including the first anthropoid primates (and hominids at end of the period ), appeared . A subtropical humid forest flora dominated in almost all latitudes, although at the end of this period the shift towards a progressively cooler and drier climate modified the fauna and flora. 2.5 to million years ago , glaciations radically altered the flora and caused the emergence of many modern groups of plants . There were new mammal species adapted to colder or drier climates . Hominids emerged and the human species appeared .

26. Life in the Cenozoic Era (65 m.y. – present ) Mammals & birds Humans Angiosperms

27. The Precambrian Era HADEAN EON ARCHEAN EON PROTEROZOIC EON 4 000 mya 2 500 mya 542 mya 2500 mya. There are already continental masses with sedimentary rock 3500 mya. The oceans have already formed 4650 mya. Origin of the Earth's crust 700 to 580 mya. Global glaciation occurs 650 mya. The first great supercontinent known as Pangea I is formed 3800 mya. Possible origin of life 3500 mya . The first organisms appear which are very simple prokaryotes 3400 mya. First known cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) form stromatolites 2000 mya. The majority of non-aerobic organisms become extinct 600 mya. Mass extinction occurs due to glaciations 500 mya. "Ediacara fauna” the first animals, appear SUMMARY

28. The Paleozoic Era EON PHANEROZOIC PALEOZOIC PALEOZOIC Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Fish with jaws Anomalocaris Trilobites 250 mya. Another great supercontinent known as Pangea II is formed. 500 mya. The continents have separated. 488 443 416 359 299 450 mya. Several continental masses come together causing a glaciation and the Caledonian orogeny. 300 mya. The continents come together causing another glaciation and the Variscan orogeny. 250 mya. There is massive volcanic activity. 542 to 460 mya (million years ago). There is an explosion of marine life. 555 mya. Fish appear. 419 mya. Plants and terrestrial arthropods emerge. There is a great diversity of fish. Pteridophytes (ferns) predominate. 360 mya. The first amphibians appear and predominate. 380 mya. Lobe-finned fish emerge; they are the ancestors of tetrapods. 250 mya. 90% of life forms become extinct. Ichthyostega Dimetrodon 320 mya. Reptiles appear and diversify. Hallucigenia SUMMARY

29. The Mesozoic Era EON PHANEROZOIC MESOZOIC MESOZOIC Jurassic Cretaceous 199 145 Ammonites Triassic Cynodont Apatosaurio Plesiosaur Ichthyosaur Allosaurus Triceratops Tyrannosaurus 65 mya. Mass extinction caused by a meteorite impact occurs. 65 mya. An enormous meteorite crashes to Earth, in the Gulf of Mexico. 210 mya. Break-up of Pangea II starts. The continents separate. 140 mya. The opening of the Atlantic starts. 70 mya. The Alpine Orogeny starts. 250 mya. Marine life recovers from the extinction of the Permian Period. On land, gymnosperms, insects and reptiles dominate. 240 mya. There are reptiles in all environments. The first dinosaurs and early mammals start showing up. 200 mya. Gymnosperms dominate. Pterosaur 160 mya. Birds appear. 128 mya. Angiosperms appear. 80 mya. Dinosaurs dominate the Earth. SUMMARY

30. The Cenozic Era PHANEROZOIC EON CENOZOIC Neogene Quaternary 23 Paleogene Arsinotherium 60 mya. Populations of mammals, birds and angiosperm plants peak. CENOZOIC 2,5 Diatryma Indricotherium Proconsul Animals from the Ice Age The continents reach their current positions. 60 mya. Continental separation continues. 25 mya . The Alpine orogeny ends . 10 mya. The Red Sea and the Great Rift Valley open. 2 mya. Several episodes of glaciations (global cooling) start. 20 mya. First anthropoid primates. 15 mya. Flora and fauna alter due to climate change. 4 mya. Early hominids appear and evolve into the human species. SUMMARY

31. REVISING CONCEPTS

32. A B

33. A B

34. Look at the stratigraphic redord of an area . Indicate the stratigraphic series and the stratigraphic sequences

35. Order the events