History of English Language

This slide is presented by the students of AMU during their presentation. It contains Early Modern English and the changes that transformed the English in due course of time

1. Early Modern English( 1500-1800 ): Changes in Languages 17 November 2017 1

2. 17 November 2017 2

3. 17 November 2017 3

4. 17 November 2017 4 The English Renaissance The beginning of the Modern Age in history of English Language. Classical Renaissance-Italy-words of Latin origin, from Latin roots. Medieval age-mostly as a sacred(and not secular)medium of expression. The English Renaissance roughly covers the 16 th and the early 17 th century.

5. 17 November 2017 5 Vocabulary Impossible to compute the number of words, new contributions 1500-1650-around 12000 new words( Routledge History of English Literature). Rich in synonyms, alternative phrasings, allowing switches in formality between written and spoken Language.

6. 17 November 2017 6 New words during Renaissance Spanish/ Portuegese : Banana Embargo Tobacco French: Bizanne Detail Volunteer Persian: Caravan Italian: Balcony Design Stanza Dutch: Yatch Turkish: Coffee Latin: Appropriate Contradictory Utopia Vacuum

7. 17 November 2017 7 Inkhorn Controversy Issues of Latin and Greek Words in English. One group: Latin and Greek were superior resources-The words derived from these Languages have to be ‘ Englished ’-made into English Words. Another group: Such Greek words corrupted the native vernacular by displacing it with ‘Inkhorn’ terms. A desire to replace Latin with English as the national Language.

8. 17 November 2017 8 Great Vowel Shift A radical change in the pronunciation of English vowels. 7 long vowels, 3 short vowels and 5 diphthongs underwent changes. House-/ hu:s / Sheep-/sep/ About-/ ebu:t / Me-/ma/ Fool-/ Fo:l / Medieval Pronunciation

9. 17 November 2017 9

10. 17 November 2017 10 Printing Press and Standardization : Brief History Major factor in development of English language, advent of Printing Press. 1450 , Johann Gutenberg invented Printing Press in Germany. 1476 , William Caxton brought it into England. “The Recuyell Of Historyes Of Troye” , the first book printed in England was Of Caxton. Over 20,000 books were published in following 150 years.

11. 17 November 2017 11 Image Courtesy : Google

12. 17 November 2017 12 Influences of Printing Press: Books became cheaper and commonly available , hence literacy mushroomed. Chancery of Westmininster made effort to standardize English in 1430s , but Printing Press carried the Standardization forward. It popularized new coinages and newly introduced words. Getting into print = accepted part of language Fixed spellings = lesser uncertainties.

13. 17 November 2017 13 Why Standardization ? Five major dialects divisions in England, therefore the variations in spellings and pronunciations were inevitable. Map : The Dialects of English during the advent of Printing Press Source : Internet/web Image Courtesy : Google

14. 17 November 2017 14 The Bible: Major shaping influence, a long controversial history. 1382 -Wycliff’s translation from Latin English into Middle English. 1526 -Tyndale’s translation of the New Testament from Greek . Tyndale printed his Bible in Secrecy in Germany. Tyndale was executed in 1536 for smuggling. “People should be able to read the Bible in their own Language”- Tyndale

15. 17 November 2017 15 1611- ‘King James Bible’ Published. 54 scholars and clerics were put together for the compilation. King James Bible was an attempt to standardize the plethora of the new Bibles. Image Courtesy : Google

16. 17 November 2017 16 Contribution of Bible in Early Modern English : Grammar: Older word order They knew him not, thinks eternal, God doth know your cup runneth over . Irregular verbs Spake, wist, gat ‘ His’ as a possessive form “If the salt have lost his savour, werewith shall it be salted”

17. 17 November 2017 17 Revival of Archaic Words: Biblical usage has revived some of the lost words into full life, such as; ‘ Damsel ’ for young women. ‘ Raiment and apparel ’ for dress. ‘ Firmament ’ a poetical synonym for sky. Proverbial expressions: Money is the root of all evil. All things to all me. The blind leading the blind. At their wits end. Valley of the shadow of the death .

18. 18 Comparison Of Bibles 17 November 2017 Source : Web

19. 17 November 2017 19 Dictionaries and Grammars Dictionaries: A Table Alphabetical(1604)- Robert Cawdrey An Universal Etymological English Dictionary(1721)- Nathaniel Bailey Dictionary of English Language(1755)- Samuel Johnson Oxford English Dictionary(1884)

20. 17 November 2017 20 Image Courtesy : Google

21. 17 November 2017 21 John Cheke’s proposed for removal of all silent letter. William Bullokar’s 1580 recommendation of a new 37 letter alphabet. Attempt to ban certain words. Jonathan Swift sought to purify and fix English forever. Thomas Sherdien regulated English Pronunciation. His book “ British Education ”-1756 aimed at cultured British and Scottish Society. Grammar:

22. 17 November 2017 22 A short Introduction to English Grammar(1762)- Robert Lowth English Grammar(1794)- Lindley Murray Rudiments of English Grammar- Joseph Priestly English Grammar Books of the 18 th Century

23. 17 November 2017 23 Image Courtesy : Google

24. 17 November 2017 24 English Newspapers: Courante or Weekly News(first English newspaper)(1662) London Gazette(1665) The Daily Courant(1702) The Times of London(1790) The Tatler The Spectator

25. 17 November 2017 25 Image Courtesy : Google

26. 17 November 2017 26 Early modern period (16 th 18 th century) Industrial revolution (18 th and early 19 th century) Computer and digital age (20 th century) Between 1500 and 1650- (10000-12000) words added English was earlier not used for scientific purpose and Latin or French is used Scientist like Isaac Newton, William Harvey all wrote in Latin Edward Gibbon Wrote his works in French and then translated into English and coined several words like thermometer, pneumonia, skeleton and encyclopaedia . Golden Age of English Literature:

27. 17 November 2017 27 Newton (1704)-wrote Opticks in English and introduced words like lens, refraction, etc Thomas Wyatts Experimentation with different poetic forms in the 16 th century and introduced sonnet in Europe Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, John Milton, John Dryden, Andrew Marvell, Alexander Pope also began writing in English

28. 17 November 2017 28 Sir Thomas Elyot gave words like animate, describe, esteem, maturity, exhaust and modesty -16 th century Sir Thomas More gave -absurdity, active, communicate, education, utopia, acceptance, exact, explain, exaggerate Milton coined 630 words like lovelorn, fragrance and pandemonium . Ben Jonson- damp, defunct, strenuous, clumsy John Donne- Self-preservation, valediction . Sir Philip Sydney- bugbear, miniature, dumb-stricken, far-stretched

29. 17 November 2017 29 William Shakespeare(1564-1616) Image Courtesy : Google

30. 17 November 2017 30 Shakespeare and his sayings/phrases William Shakespeare (English poet and playwright: 1564-1616) All that glitters is not gold---the merchant of Venice All’s well that ends well-------All’s well that ends well Jealousy is green-eyed monster---Othello A dog will have its day—Hamlet A sorry sight----Macbeth

31. 17 November 2017 31 SHAKESPEARE’S CONTRIBUTION IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE Coined 2035 words (Hamlet alone has 600 new words) 1700 words -first used His works have 80 different translations Wrote 38 plays, poems especially 154 sonnets an 2 long narrative poems Plays are comedies tragedies and histories Plays based on works of classical and contemporary playwrights. Recycled older stories and historical material. E.g. the winter’s tale play derived from Robert Greene’s “ Pandosto ”

32. 17 November 2017 32 Shakespeare’s Art of prose/poetry/dramatic writing Use of blank verse Use of Free speech rhythm Complex emotions in simple expressions Depth of content and variety of emotion Constant change in speech and Swift turn of thoughts

33. 17 November 2017 33 International Trade: British Naval Superiority Trade words borrowed from- Spain, Portugal and Netherlands Fusion Of Language Helped in mixing English as Global Language

34. 17 November 2017 34 Thank You !!!