History of Forensic Science.pptx HEHHEHE

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1. History of Forensic Science

2. Introduction and Definition - ‘Forensic’ is derived from Latin word ‘ Forensis ’ – belonging to the court of justice. Forensic science therefore means a science used in the court of justice. Application of FS to criminal justice system: Advancement in science & technology/easy availability of technical knowledge ….. Social change and anonymity …. Wide field of operation of criminal activities …. Better evidence…. Importance of IO. Earlier techniques were borrowed from various scientific disciplines like biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, etc. However, it is now studied as a consolidated branch and has techniques exclusive to FS: fingerprinting, anthropometry, track marks, documents, forensic ballistics.

3. Contd. Alternatives: Eyewitnesses (Cross-Race Effect) (Adolf Beck Case) Confessions Approvers Stock witness [Prem Chand ( Paniwala ) v. UOI (1981) 1 SCC 639] Definition of Forensic Science – universally acceptable definition unavailable Application of natural sciences to matters of law Evaluation of physical evidence Concerned with recognition, identification, individualization

4. Functions of Forensic Science Establish Corpus Delicti Determines the modus operandi of a crime Identifies the criminal Identifies the victim Miscellaneous

5. Historical Perspective - Roman Physician Antistius : examined the body of Julius Caesar Song Ci’s book Xi Yuan Lu (Washing Away of Wrongs): medicine and entomology Alphonse Bertillon – anthropological technique of anthropometry to law enforcement, creating an identification system based on physical measurements. Sir Alec Jefferys – forensic DNA analysis was developed Mathieu Orfila – Father of Modern Toxicology. Francis Galton – UK scientist, undertook first systematic study of fingerprints. In 1892 published a book titled ‘Fingerprints’ Edmond Locard – from France, propounded ‘principle of exchange’ Karl Landsteiner – in 1901 discovered that blood could be grouped into different categories. In 1915 Dr. Leone Lattes from Italy devised a method to identify blood group from dried blood stains. Calvin Goddard – US Army Colonel worked on science of ballistics. Developed a comparison microscope. Albert Osborn – developed fundamental principles of questioned documents

6. Around the world - Forensic Science Laboratory in LAPD in 1923 FBI’s National Laboratory 1932 UK’s Metropolitan Forensic Science Laboratory at Scotland Yard in 1935 US alone has about 250 laboratories at State, county and city levels UK 11 West Germany 21 Around the world approximately 1100 in 89 countries

7. Development in India (Pre-independence) Chemical Examiner Laboratory was set up in Calcutta, Madras, Agra, Bombay by Britishers. Photography – Criminal Investigation Department maintained records. Bertillon’s anthropometric system was adopted – Anthropometric Bureau was established in 1892 in Calcutta. Sir William Herschel and Edward Richard Henry - 1 st fingerprint bureau of the world was set up in Calcutta in 1897 In 1902 Police Commission Report – recommendation to set up CID at State level By 1910 most of the states established Fingerprint Bureaux Government of India established Government Examiner of Questioned Document at Shimla in 1906 GOI established Serologist and Chemical Examiner to the GOI in Calcutta in 1910

8. Post-independence 1 st State Forensic Science Laboratory in Calcutta in 1952 Central Finger Print Bureau in Calcutta 1955 Central forensic science laboratory in Calcutta in 1957 1974 administration of Central Forensic institutes was transferred to the newly established Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD) Central Advisory Committee on Forensic Science was formed under MHA in 1959 Following its recommendation State Forensic Science laboratories were set up. Today BPRD acts as nodal agency Total 61 Forensic laboratories: 8 CFSL 31 state forensic science laboratories 22 Regional forensic science laboratories Central Forensic Institutes set up under IB

9. Divisions under State and Central Lab - Ballistics Biology Chemistry Documents Lie-detector Physics Serology Toxicology