History of Mathematics Part 1.pptxudggsuyfiusdhzfdbszf

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1. HISTORY of MATHEMATHICS

2. Ancient Period Greek Period Hindu- Arabic Period Period of Transmission Early Modern Period Modern Period BRIEF HISTORY of MATHEMATHICS

3. Ancient Period (3000 B.C. to 260 A.D.) Number Systems and Arithmetic Development of numeration systems. Creation of arithmetic techniques, lookup tables, the abacus and other calculation tools. Practical Measurement, Geometry and Astronomy Measurement units devised to quantify distance, area, volume, and time. Geometric reasoning used to measure distances indirectly. Calendars invented to predict seasons, astronomical events. Geometrical forms and patterns appear in art and architecture.

4. Practical Mathematics As ancient civilizations developed, the need for practical mathematics increased. They required numeration systems and arithmetic techniques for trade, measurement strategies for construction, and astronomical calculations to track the seasons and cosmic cycles.

5. Babylonian Numerals The Babylonian Tablet Plimpton 322 This mathematical tablet was recovered from an unknown place in the Iraqi desert. It was written originally sometime around 1800 BC. The tablet presents a list of Pythagorean triples written in Babylonian numerals. This numeration system uses only two symbols and a base of sixty.

6. Calculating Devices Chinese Wooden Abacus Roman Bronze “Pocket” Abacus Babylonian Marble Counting Board c. 300 B.C.

7. Greek Period (600 B.C. to 450 A.D.) Greek Logic and Philosophy Greek philosophers promote logical, rational explanations of natural phenomena. Schools of logic, science and mathematics are established . Mathematics is viewed as more than a tool to solve practical problems; it is seen as a means to understand divine laws. Mathematicians achieve fame, are valued for their work. Euclidean Geometry The first mathematical system based on postulates, theorems and proofs appears in Euclid's Elements .

8. Mathematics and Greek Philosophy Greek philosophers viewed the universe in mathematical terms. Plato described five elements that form the world and related them to the five regular polyhedra.

9. Euclid’s Elements Greek, c. 800 Arabic, c. 1250 Latin, c. 1120 French, c. 1564 English, c. 1570 Chinese, c. 1607 Translations of Euclid’s Elements of Gemetry Proposition 47, the Pythagorean Theorem

10. Archimedes and the Crown Eureka!

11. Hindu- Arabian Period (200 B.C. to 1250 A.D. ) A. Development and Spread of Hindu-Arabic Numbers A numeration system using base 10, positional notation, the zero symbol and powerful arithmetic techniques is developed by the Hindus, approx. 150 B.C. to 800 A.D.. The Hindu numeration system is adopted by the Arabs and spread throughout their sphere of influence (approx. 700 A.D. to 1250 A.D.). B. Preservation of Greek Mathematics Arab scholars copied and studied Greek mathematical works, principally in Baghdad. C. Development of Algebra and Trigonometry Arab mathematicians find methods of solution for quadratic, cubic and higher degree polynomial equations. The English word “algebra” is derived from the title of an Arabic book describing these methods. Hindu trigonometry, especially sine tables, is improved and advanced by Arab mathematicians