History of optometry

History of Optometry from 912 till 2010 and milestones

1. History of Optometry By: Saifullah Email ID: [email protected] FIACLE, M.PHIL OPTM, MPH, BS OPTM Assistant Professor Optometry PIO, Al- Shifa Trust Eye Hospita l 1 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

2. History Winston Churchill "History is written by the victors." Martin Luther King, Jr. "We are not makers of history. We are made by history." Robert Heinlein "A generation which ignores history has no past and no future." 2 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

3. Brief History of Optometry Origins of Optometry goes back a long way Developed into the highly technical field today Optometry as a discipline traces its roots back roughly 2000 years, to the Greeks. Greeks worked out the laws of reflection in mirrors but did not fully understand the principles of refraction. 3 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

4. Also knew of the crystalline lens but had no knowledge of the retina Rays of light came from the eyes, a myth that existed until Leonardo da Vinci’s investigation The physics of light rays led to establishing the role of the retina 4 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

5. By 1300, Europeans were making spectacles. From this time and up to the beginning of the 16th century spectacles were primitive being made of horn, bone, leather or metal in two pieces and held together by a rivet These were eventually replaced by one-piece mounts but the problem remained as to how to keep the spectacles on the nose 5 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

6. Around the turn of the 18 th  century, Benjamin Franklin invented the bifocal lens, John Dalton described colour blindness , and Thomas Young successfully mapped the normal visual field of humans . The mid-19 th  century saw the development of sets of trial lenses to determine lens prescriptions, followed closely by the invention of the ophthalmoscope, which allowed optometrists to view the interior of the eye . 6 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

7. Cylindrical lenses began being used about the same time that optometry as a term began being used, about 1865. Optometrists eventually began experimenting with contact lenses, and in 1888 the first successful use of corrective vision contact lenses was documented The development of spectacles and optical lenses is only one part of the history of optometry . 19th century saw significant discoveries led to the rapid development of ophthalmic optics which inturn leads to establishment of optometry as a profession in the late 19th century and onwards . 7 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

8. It was almost simultaneous that the professions of optometry and ophthalmology came into being, blending together the developments in spectacles and the optics of lenses with visual optics and the physiology of the eye. Throughout the 20th century the scope of practice of optometry has developed with an increasing emphasis on health care . 8 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

9. In 2016, almost 5000 optometrists in general practice were licensed with their regulatory body, the Optometry Board of Australia. Of these, approximately 2300 were registered to prescribe some medicines for the treatment of conditions of the eye. 9 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

10. Milestones in the History of Optometry 1263 Roger Bacon first mentions lenses as useful for those with weakness of sight. 1286 Approximate date of invention of spectacles in northern Italy by unknown artisan. 1604 Johannes Kepler describes the function of the retina and demonstrates that concave lenses correct myopia and convex lenses correct hyperopia. 10 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

11. 1783 John McAllister, Sr. opens first U.S. shop for optometric services, Philadelphia. By 1816 John McAllister & Son was making gold and silver spectacles in a family business that survived until early 20th century. 1629 King Charles I grants a royal charter to the Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers, London. 1621 Willebrord Snell discovers the law of refraction. 1623 First book on optometric principles,  The Use of Eyeglasses , published in Spain by Daza de Valdes. 11 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

12. 1843 Invention of the trial lens case facilitated the determination of a lens prescription independent of the vending and dispensing of spectacles. 1801 Thomas Young discovers astigmatism and is first to map the normal visual field. Cylindrical lenses were first developed in 1821. 1784 Benjamin Franklin invents a split bifocal lens for spectacles. 1798 John Dalton describes color blindness. 12 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

13. 1862 Hermann Snellen devises test types and eye chart used to measure visual acuity. 1856 Handbook of Physiological Optics  is written by Hermann von Helmholtz, a monumental treatise in three volumes. It was translated from German to English in 1924, edited by James P.C. Southall . 1847 James Prentice, English optician, arrives in U.S. His son Charles F. Prentice, will become the “father of American optometry.” 1851 Hermann von Helmholtz invents the ophthalmoscope and is first to see the interior of the living eye 13 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

14. 1873 Cuignet demonstrates principle of retinoscopy , retinoscope introduced. 1872 Beginnings of Illinois College of Optometry, the oldest continuous program, with origins in courses and schools such as McFatrich , Needles, Chicago College, and Northern Illinois College of Optometry . Monoyer proposes the term diopter for lens power. 1864 F . C. Donders publishes  Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye  and establishes norms and principles of prescription. He was the first to have cylindrical lenses put in the trial case. 1865 The word “optometry” used by Verschoor in Holland in a dissertation on refraction. 14 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

15. 1895 Charles F. Prentice threatened with jail for charging a fee for eye exam. In 1896 he issued a treatise on the reasons why states should recognize the professional status of the optometrist . Optical Journal , first optometric journal published in the U.S. 1888 First successful scleral contact lenses made to correct vision . 1886 English translation of E. Landolt’s book,  Refraction and Accommodation of the Eye. Charles Prentice develops and promotes prism diopter measuring system. 1887 A . E. Ficke and F.A. Mueller independently experiment with blown-glass contact lenses. 15 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

16. 1911 Andrew J. Cross publishes  Dynamic Skiametry in Theory and Practice , introducing the basic theory and method for dynamic retinoscopy . 1910 First university courses in optometry, Columbia University (1910-1954), a big step toward recognition of the optometric profession. 1898 Formation of the American Association of Opticians . Name changed in 1910 to the American Optical Association , and in 1919 to American Optometric Association(AOA) . 1901 Passage of first state law recognizing and regulating the practice of optometry -- Minnesota. (All states had optometry laws by 1921) 16 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

17. 1922 American Academy of Optometry organized to encourage investigative research. First Conference on Optometric Education, 1919 International Board of Boards (IBB) established. Name changed to International Association of Boards of Examiners in Optometry (IAB) in 1954, and to the Association of Regulatory Boards (ARBO) in 1999 . 1914 Optometrists go on record favoring regulations against drivers with defective vision and encouraging visual tests for driver licensing. 1915 In the case of Martin v. Baldi the PA Supreme Court rules that optometry is a calling separate from medicine and cannot be regulated by the state board of medicine as a “minor branch” of that profession. Albert Fitch had convinced Pennsylvania optometrists to pursue legal action. 17 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

18. 1928 Charles Sheard introduce “case analysis” for refraction Also graduates of optometry affiliated with a university will be eligible for licensure . 1925 Beta Sigma Kappa founded as international optometric fraternity. 1923 Pennsylvania College of Optometry awards the first Doctor of Optometry (O.D.) degree. 1924 The District of Columbia enacts an optometry law, completing a total U.S. coverage 18 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

19. 1941 New York optometrist L. Lester Beacher produces textbook on contact lens technique. 1940 Association of Schools & Colleges of Optometry (ASCO) created ; Albert Fitch first President. Parent organization was International Federation of Optometry Schools (1921-1940). 1937 “ Optometry on Trial” The Story of Optometry  was authored by Wilber Brucker under AOA auspices in 1938. 1938 Plastic contact lenses introduced by Theo Obrig and John Mullen. 19 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

20. 1952 Cross-linked hydrophilic polymer (HEMA) discovered by Otto Wichterle who ushers in the era of the soft contact lens. 1951 National Board of Examiners in Optometry (NBEO) founded by IAB and ASCO, first National Board exam given in 1952. 1947 Optometrists first commissioned in the U.S. Army. Many years passed before optometrists reached a status equivalent to the other major health professions. 1950 Formation of Association of Military Optometrists; first President: Eugene Strawn. Organized as Armed Forces Optometric Society (AFOS) in 1970. 20 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

21. 1969 National Optometric Association (NOA) founded by C. Clayton Powell and John L. 1968 American Optometric Student Association (AOSA) formed. Although discussed and a committee formed by. Myers who became the AOSA’s first President. 1961 Pennsylvania optometrists introduce a bill to authorize the use of ophthalmic diagnostic pharmaceutical agents, but it is defeated. 1965 Medicare and Medicaid enacted by U.S. Congress, discriminates against optometrists. 21 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

22. 1976 First TPA Law passed – West Virginia. This law permitted the use of therapeutic drugs by optometrists. 1973 Bill introduced in North Carolina to authorize optometrists to use and prescribe pharmaceutical agents for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. 1970 Formation of the Armed Forces Optometric Society (AFOS); first president: LTC Frederick van Nus. 1971 U.S . Food & Drug Administration approves Bausch & Lomb soft contact lens, consumer advertising begins 1974 22 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

23. 1977 U.S . Supreme Court reverses four decades of precedent and holds that professionals may utilize truthful advertising (Bates v. Arizona State Bar) 1978 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issues rule (Eyeglasses I) for goods and services by optometrists, ophthalmologists, and opticians for spectacle prescriptions. 1990 Neuro Optometric Rehabilitation Association (NORA) formed, William Padula first President. 1995 Active optometric involvement in national research studies, CLEK (Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus Study) and OHTS (Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study). 23 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

24. 2010 National health care legislation enacted, designating children’s vision as an essential benefit and preserving state patient access to care laws. 2005 Optometry 2020 Summits (2005-06), a series of 3 national meetings attended by representatives from over 20 optometric organizations. 1997 AOA’s Centennial Year Anniversary celebration. 1998 First state law specifically authorizing the use of lasers by optometrists for certain treatment purposes enacted in Oklahoma. 24 Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmlogy

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