History of plant breeding

History of plant breeding

1. HISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING PRESENTED BY: Pawan Nagar Reg. no.: 04-2690-2015 M.Sc.(Fruit Science)

2. History of Plant Breeding In broad sense history of plant breeding can be divided into Four parts 1. Pre Mendelian era:- before 1900. 2. Mendelian era:- 1900 to 1920. 3. Post Mendelian era:- 1921 to 1950. 4. Modern era:- after 1950.

3. 1. Pre Mendelian era :- The process of bringing a wild species under human management is referred to as Domestication . 9000 B.C.: First evidence of plant domestication in the hills above the Tigris River. 3000 B.C.: Domestication of all important food crops in the Old World completed. 1000 B.C.: Domestication of all important food crops in the New World completed. 700 B.C.: Babylonians and Assyrians hand pollinate date palm artificially. 1665: Robert Hooke(England): First described the cell and known as father of cell biology. 1694: Camerarius of Germany first to demonstrate sex in plants and suggested crossing as a method to obtain new plant types.

4. Continue….. 1717: Thomas Fairchild: Developed first Inter specific hybrid between sweet William and Carnation Species of Dianthus popularly known as Fair Child’s mule. 1727: The first plant breeding company was established in France by the vilmorins and introduced the pedigree method of breeding. 1753: Linnaeus published “Species planetarium”. Binomial nomenclature of plant taxonomy officially begins with his general list of plant species. 1766: Joseph Koelreuter of Germany demonstrated that hybrid offspring received traits from both parents and were intermediate in most traits observed and produced first scientific hybrid using tobacco.

5. Continue….. 1800-1835: Knight T.A (English): First used Artificial Hybridization in Fruit Crops. 1819: Shirreff : Utilized pure line selection to develop a new oat cultivar (Released in 1824), and a new wheat cultivar (Released in 1832). 1823: Knight: Dominance, R ecessiveness , and segregation observed in peas. 1840: John Le Couteur : They developed the concept of progeny test and individual plant selection in cereals. 1840-50: De Vilmorin (French Biologist): : progeny test in wheat, oat, and sugar-beet breeding. 1856: De Vilmorin : Further elaborated the concept of progeny test and used same in Sugarbeet . 1859-89: Darwin: Published “Origin of species”, and noted inbreeding sterility and differences in reciprocal crosses.

6. Continue….. 1866: Mendel G.J (Austria): published his discoveries in “Experiments in plant hybridization”, cumulating in the formulation of laws of inheritance in garden pea and discovery of unit factors (genes). 1873: The work of Patrick Shireff was first published and He concluded that only the variation heritable nature responded to selections, and that there variation arose through ‘natural sports’ (= mutation) and by ‘natural hybridization’ (recombination during meiosis in the hybrids so produced). 1890: Rimpu (Sweden): First made inheritance cross between bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and rye ( Secale cereale ), which later on gave birth to triticale.

7. 2. Mendelian era :- 1900: De Varies (Holland) Correns (Germany) Tschermak (Austria) Rediscovered Mendel laws of inheritance independently. 1900: Nilson , H (Swedish):  Elaborated individual plant selection method in Sweden. 1903: Johannsen W.L: proposed the pureline theory that provided the genetic basis for Individual plant selection and also coined the terms Genotype, Phenotype and Pureline . 1908–1909: Hardy of England and Weinberg of Germany developed the law of equilibrium of populations. 1908: Devenport , C.B: First proposed dominance hypothesis of heterosis . 

8. Continue…. 1908: Shull, G.H (US) East, E.M (US) proposed over dominance hypothesis independently working with maize . 1909: Shull conducted extensive research to develop inbreds to produce hybrids use of F1 hybrids between inbreds in corn breeding. 1909: Nilsson- Ehle : Given the explanation of multiple factor hypothesis for Grain colour of Wheat by using a Pedigree breeding and Bulk breeding. 1910: Bruce, A.B. keable , F. and Pellew , C. Elaborated the dominance hypothesis of heterosis proposed by davenport. 1914: Shull, G.H: First used the term heterosis for hybrid vigour .

9. Continue…. 1917: Jones developed first commercial hybrid maize and proposed dominance of linked gene hypothesis. 1919: Hays, H.K. Garber, R.J Gave initial idea about recurrent selection. They first suggested use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation in maize.

10. 3. Post Mendelian era :- 1923: Sax: linkage between quantitative and qualitative traits in beans. 1926: East, E.M and Mangelsdorf , A.J: First discovered gametophytic system of self incompatibility in Nicotiana sanderae . 1926: Pioneer Hi-bred Corn Company established as first Seed Company. 1926: Vavilov , N.I: Identified 8 main centers and 3 sub centers of crop diversity. He also developed concept of parallel series of variation or law of homologous series of variation. 1927: Muller produced mutations in fruit flies using x-rays. 1927: Karpencheko developed first intergeneric hybrid between Radish and Cabbage in Russia. 1928: Stadler , L.J (US): First used X-rays for induction of mutations in barley.

11. Continue….. 1933: Rhoades: Discovered cytoplasmic male sterility in Maize. 1934: Dustin discovered colchicines. 1935: Vavilov published the scientific basis of plant breeding. 1935: Nagahern proposed the origin of tetraploid species of Brassica using a triangle. 1936: East, E.M: Supported over dominance hypothesis of heterosis proposed by East and Shull in 1908. 1939: Goulden , C.H: First suggested the use of single seed descent method for advancing segregating generations of self pollinating crops. 1940: Jenkins, M.T: Described the procedure of recurrent selection.

12. Continue….. 1944: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty: Described the transforming principle and suggested that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary material. 1945: Hull, F.H: Coined the terms recurrent selection and overdominance working with maize. 1950: Hughes and Babcock:  First discovered sporophytic system of self incompatibility in Crepis foetida . 1950: McClintock discovered the Ac-Ds system of transposable elements.

13. 4. Modern era :- 1952: Jensen, N.F: First suggested the use of multi lines in oats. 1953: Borlaug, N.E: First outlined the method of developing multilines in Wheat. 1953: Watson, Crick, and Wilkins proposed a model for Double Helical Structure of DNA. 1956: Flor : gene for gene hypothesis for host-parasite resistance. 1964: Borlaug, N.E: Developed high yielding semi dwarf varieties of wheat which resulted in green revolution. 1965: Graphius , J.E: First applied Single Seed Descent (SSD) method in oats. 1968: Donald: Developed the concept of crop ideotype in wheat.

14. Continue….. 1970: Patel, C.T: Developed world’s first cotton hybrid for commercial cultivation in India. 1970: Borlaug received Nobel Prize for the Green Revolution 1970: Berg, Cohen, and Boyer introduced the Recombinant DNA technology. 1976: Yuan Long Ping et al: Developed world’s first rice hybrid (CMS based) for commercial cultivation in China. 1983: Fraley et al.: Development of first transgenic (Genetically engineered) plant tobacco in USA. 1987: Monsanto: Developed world’s transgenic cotton plant in USA. 1991: ICRISAT: Developed world’s first pigeon pea hybrid (ICPH 8) (GMS based) for commercial cultivation in India.

15. Continue….. 1994: “ FlavrSavr ” tomato developed as first genetically modified food produced for the market by calgene company of California. 1995: Bt corn developed. 1996: Glyphosate Resistant Crop® soybean introduced. 1997: Monsanto, USA: First identified terminator gene, which allows germination of seed for one generation only. 1908: Monsanto, USA: Identification of traitor gene, which responds to specific brand of fertilizers and insecticides. 2001:Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act (PPVFRA). 2002:Mahyco-Monsanto: Released three Bt Hybrids (MECH12, MECH16, MECH 184). 2004 : Glyphosate Resistant Crop® wheat developed. 2005: Govt. of India: Approved cultivation of some Bt cotton hybrids in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.

16. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING IN INDIA 1871: The Government of India created the Department of Agriculture. 1892: First scientist appointed in the Department. He was agricultural chemist. 1901-05: Agricultural Colleges were established at Kanpur, Pune , Sabour , Llyalpur , Coimbatore. 1905: The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was established in Pusa , Bihar. 1934: The buildings of the institute damaged in earthquake. 1936: Shifted to New Delhi. 1946: Name was changed Indian Agricultural Research Institute.

17. Continue….. 1929: Imperial council of Agricultural Research was established in New Delhi. 1946: Name was change to Indian Council Agricultural Research. 1921: Indian Central Cotton Committee was established Notable researches on Breeding and cultivation of cotton. E.g.: 70 improved varieties of cotton. 1956: Project for intensification of regional research on cotton, oilseeds and millets (PIRRCOM) was initiated to intensify research on these crops located at 17 Different centres throughout the country. 1957: All India Coordinated maize improvement project was started with objective of exploiting heterosis . 1960: First Agricultural University established at Pantnagar , Nainital , U.P. 1961: The first hybrid maize varieties released by the project. ICAR initiated Coordinated projects for improvement of the other crops.

18. Continue….. 1961: First Maize hybrid was released (Ganga1, Ganga101, Deccan and Ranjit). 1964: First Sorghum Hybrid (CSH-1) was released. 1965: First Bajra hybrid (HB-1) was released. 1971: One of the pioneer centre for research in India TNAU was established. 1991: First pigeon pea hybrid (ICPH-8) was released from ICRISAT(Six Mandate Crop are Pearl millet, Sorghum, Pigeon pea, Chickpea, Finger millet, Groundnut), Hyderabad.

19. Some Indian Plant Breeder Sr No. Scientists Contribution 1 T.S. Venkatraman An eminent sugarcane breeder, he transferred thick stem and high sugar contents from tropical noble cane ( Saccharum officinanum ) to North Indian Canes ( Saccharum barberi ). This process is known as Noblization of sugarcane. 2 B.P. Pal An eminent Wheat breeder, developed superior disease resistant varieties of wheat and also first director general of ICAR. 3 M.S. Swaminathan Responsible for green revolution in India, developed high yielding dwarf varieties of Wheat and Rice. 4 Pushkarnath A Famous potato breeder who developed several high yielding varieties of potato. He was the Director of CPRI, Shimala .

20. Some Indian Plant Breeder Sr No. Scientists Contribution 5 N.G.P. Rao An eminent sorghum breeder who developed the world’s first hybrid of sorghum(CSH-1). 6 K. Ramaiah A renowned rice breeder. He developed several high yielding varieties of rice when he was the Director of CRRI, Cuttack. 7 K. Athwal Famous pearlmillet breeder . He worked in PAU, Ludhiana and developed several superior varieties. 8 Bosisen An eminent maize breeder . He Developed several varieties of maize for Hill region of Uttranchal 9 Dharampal Singh An eminent oil-seed breeder . He released several varieties of oil-seeds(Rapeseed and Mustard) from Kanpur. 10 C.T. Patel Famous cotton breeder who developed world’s first cotton hybrid(H-4) in 1970 known as FATHER of Hybrid Cotton. 11 V. Santhanam Famous cotton breeder .