History of Pneumatics and it early stages.ppt

this dicuss about early pneumatics

1. A coin is inserted in A, lands on R lifting N opening the valve releasing WATER or WINE

2. Two piston machine for continuous flow of water for fire extinction, probably a work
of CTESIBIUS and later improved by HERO of Alexandria 250 B.C.

3. Magic fountain

4. A period pneumatic mail capsule (Courtesy of the National Postal Museum).

5. A pneumatic tube table, Central Telegraph Office, London, during the 1930s (Source: MacGregor).

6. 1894 Encyclopaedia Britannica statistics on the early growth of pneumatic postal

7. Pneumatic Despatch Company’s prototype system at Battersea Fields, London 1861

9. Hero of Alexandria (dates undetermined, between 150 BC and 300 AD)
Hero of Alexandria, as depicted in a 1688
German translation of his Pneumatics.
The mathematician and inventor Hero is
believed to have lived in Alexandria. His writings
in Greek, thought to be compilations from works
of ancient philosophers and mechanicians,
concern studies of mechanics and pneumatics.
 
They include nearly 80 ingenious inventions (such
as siphons, fountains, and engines) which, “by
the union of [compressed] air, earth, fire, and
water, and the concurrence of… elementary
principles…, supply the most pressing wants of
human life, [or] produce amazement and alarm.”
His book on pneumatics describes many gadgets
and magical tricks and includes the first suggestion
of a steam engine, which his book on mechanics
demonstrates knowledge of multiple pulleys,
cogwheels, levers, and the like.

10. Robert Boyle's first air-pump, as it appeared in an engraving in New
Experiments Physico-Mechanical (1660). (Courtesy of Edinburgh University
Library.)

14. CHARLES' LAW
If a gas has a constant mass and is held at a constant pressure then the volume
divided by the temperature is a constant value.

16. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and
amount are held constant.
If the volume of a container is increased, the temperature increases.
If the volume of a container is decreased, the temperature decreases.