History Psychiatry .ppt

history of psychiatry for nursing students

2. History of Psychiatry and
Psychiatric Nursing
Mr. Mahesh. S. Wangi.
B.V.V’ S INSTITUTE OF NURSING SCIENCES
BAGALKOT.

3. Psychiatry
•Itisabranchofmedicinethatdealswiththe
diagnosis,treatmentandpreventionmentalillness.

4. Psychiatric Nursing
1.Itisaspecializedareaofnursingpractice
employingtheoriesofhumanbehavior,asa
scienceandthepurposefuluseofselfasanartin
thediagnosisandresponsetoactualorpotential
mentalhealthproblems.
(American Nurses Association 1994)

5. •Psychiatricnursingdealswiththepromotionof
mentalhealth,preventionofmentalillness,care
andrehabilitationofmentallyillindividualsbothin
hospitalandcommunity.

6. History of Psychiatry
Primitivebeliefsregardingmentalillness:
•Individualhadbeendispossessedofhis/hersoul
Mgt:Returningthesoultotheclient
•Brokenatabooorsinnedagainstanotherindividual
orgod
Mgt:Ritualisticpurification

7. Evilspiritsorsupernatural/magicalpowersentered
thebody.
Mgt:
•Exorcism(prayer,noisemaking)
•Brutalbeating,starvation,Burning,amputatedand
tortured
•Oralpreparationofapurgativemadefromsheep
dungandwine
•Trephining(Acircularopeningmadeontheskull
bymeansofcrudestoneinstrumentstoletoutevil
spirits)

8. Development of Psychiatry
•Pythagoras(580-510BC):developedtheconceptthatthe
brainistheseatofintellectualactivity
•Hippocrates(460-370BC):describedmentalillnessas
hysteria,maniaanddepression
•Plato(427-370BC)identifiedtherelationshipbetween
mindandbody.
•Asciepiades,whoisreferredtoasthefatherofpsychiatry,
madeuseofsimplehygienicmeasures,dietbath,massage
inplaceofmechanicalrestraints.

9. •Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, emphasized on the
release of repressed emotions for the effective
treatment of mental illness. He suggested catharsis
and music therapy for the patient with melancholia.
•St. Augustine who believed that although God
acted directly in human affairs, people were
responsible for their own actions.

10. •RenaissanceinEurope(1300-1600AD):itwas
believedthatdemonswerethecauseofhallucinations,
delusionsandsexualactivity.
Mgt:Tortureandevendeath.

11. Important Milestones
1773:ThefirstmentalhospitalintheUSwasbuiltin
Williamsburg,Virginia.
1793:PhilipPinelremovedthechainsfrommentallyill
patientsconfinedinBicetre,ahospitaloutsideParis
i.e.thefirstrevolutioninpsychiatry.
1812:ThefirstAmericantextbookinpsychiatrywaswritten
byBenjaminRush,whoisreferredtoasthefatherof
AmericanPsychiatry.

12. 1812:CliffordBeers,anex-patientofmentalhospitalwrote
thebook,“TheMindThatfoundItself”basedonhis
bitterexperiencesinthehospital.
1912:EugenBleuler,aSwisspsychiatristcoinedtheterm
‘Schizophrenia’.
TheIndianLunacyActpassed.
1927:Insulinshocktreatmentwasintroducedfor
schizophrenia.
1936:Frontallobotomywasadvocatedforthemanagement
ofpsychiatricdisorders.

13. •1938:ElectroConvulsiveTherapy(ECT)wasusedfor
thetreatmentofpsychoses.
•1939:Developmentofpsychoanalyticaltheoryby
SigmundFreudledtonewconceptsinthe
treatmentofmentalillness.
•1946:TheBhorecommitteepresentedthesituation
withregardtomentalhealthservices.Basedon
therecommendations5hospitalsweresetupat
Amritsar,Hyderabad,Srinagar,Jamnagarand
NewDelhi.

14. •1949:Lithiumwasfirstusedforthetreatmentofmania.
•1952:Chlorpromazinewasintroducedwhichbrought
aboutarevolutioninpsycho-pharmacology
•1963:The‘communityMentalHealthcenters’Actwas
passed.
•1978:TheAlma–Atadeclarationof‘Healthforallby
2000AD’posedamajorchallengetoIndian
mentalhealthprofessionals.

15. •1981:Communitypsychiatriccentersweresetup
experimentwithprimarymentalhealthapproach
atRaipurRani,ChandigarhandSakalwara,
Bangalore.
•1982:TheCentralCouncilofIndiaacceptedthenational
MentalHealthPolicyandbroughtouttheNational
MentalHealthprogrammeinIndia.
•1987:TheIndianMentalHealthActwaspassed.

16. •1990: The Govt. of India formed an Action Group at
Delhi to pool the opinions of mental health
experts about the National Mental health
program
•NIMHANSBangalore has taken up the leadership in
orienting heath care professionals about the mental
health programs of our country.

17. Development of Modern Psychiatric
Nursing
•1872: First training school for nurses based on the
Nightingale system was established by the New
England Hospital for women and children,USA
•Linda Richards the first Nurse to graduate from the
one year course, developed 12 training schools in
the USA.

18. •1882:Firstschooltopreparenursestocareforthe
mentallyillwasopenedatMcLeanHospitalin
Waverly.
•Twoyearprogramwasstartedbutfewpsychological
skillswereaddressedandmuchimportancewasgiven
tocustodialcaresuchaspersonalhygiene,nutrition,
medicationetc
•1913:JohnHopkinsbecamethefirstschoolofnursing
toincludeafullydevelopedcourseforpsy.nsgin
thecurriculum

19. •1943:Psychiatric Nursing course was started for male
nurses.
•1946:Health survey committee’s report recommended
preparation of nursing personnel in Psychiatric
Nursing also. The existing institutions like mental
hospitals in Bangalore and Ranchi should start
training.

20. •1952:Dr. Hildegard Peplau defined the therapeutic
roles that nurses might play in the mental
health setting.
•She described the skills and roles of the psychiatric
Nurse in her book “interpersonal relations in Nursing” .
It was the first systematic and theoretical frame work
developed for psychiatric Nursing.

21. •1953:Maxwell Jones introduced therapeutic community.
•1956:oneyearpostcertificatecourseinpsychiatric
nursingwasstartedatNIMHANS,Bangalore.
•1960:Thefocusbegantoshifttoprimaryprevention
andimplementingcareandconsultationinthe
community
•Thenamepsychiatricnursingchangedintomental
healthnursing.1970’swhenitwasknownas
psychosocialnursing.

22. •1963:Journal of psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health
services was published.
•1964:Mudaliar committee felt the need for preparing
large number of Psy. Nurses and recommended
inclusion of Psychiatry in the nursing curriculum.
•1965:The INC included psychiatric Nursing as a
compulsory course in B.Sc Nursing program.
•1973:Standards of psychiatric and mental health
nursing practice were enunciated to provide a
means of improving the quality care

23. •1975:Psychiatric Nursing was offered as an elective
subject in M.Sc Nursing at the RAK College of
Nursing, New Delhi.
•1980:Scientificadvancesintheareaofpsychobiology,
brainimagingtechniques,knowledgeabout
neurotransmittersandneuronalreceptors,molecular
geneticsrelatedpsychiatryetcemerged.
Thesecontributedtotheshiftfrompsychodynamic
models to more balanced psychobiological models
of psychiatric care.

24. •1986:The Indian Nursing Council made psychiatric
nursing a component of General nursing and
Midwifery course.
•1990: During these years integration of neuro sciences
into holistic biopsychosocial practice of
psychiatric nursing occurred.
•1994: The above mentioned changes led to the revision
of standards of psychiatric and mental health
nursing.