History taking and Physical examination.pptx

This document highlights the basic instincts that mulight help you in examining an animal.

1. Clinical Examination of Cattle

2. Need for clinical and physical examination Allows you to find signs of sickness that are not obvious Helps you to determine the extent of the injury or illness Detect early disease signs To diagnose skin infections To check for lymph nodes abnormalities Access general behaviour of animals To identify infectious causes that may effect the entire herd Body conditioning examination

3. Physical examination Signalment / History: It Includes Complete description of the animal including Species, Breed, Age, Sex. Reproductive status. Environment Diet Medical history, Reproductive history Vaccination status and medications, History of presenting complaint.

4. Physical examination General Appearance / Initial Observations Vital Signs Body weight temperature, Heart rate , Respiration rate, CRT. Physical Exam Systems Approach Head to Toe)

5. System wise examination Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Gastrointestinal System Uro - Genital System Lymphatic system Musculoskeletal system Nervous system

6. Basic Instruments Instruments Required; Thermometer Stethoscope/ Phoendoscope Otoscope Pen light/ pen torch Hammer Plexor and pleximeter

7. General Appearance Look around the around, inspect all the sides of the animal for • Symmetry of muscles/skeleton • Shape • Size - appropriate for age/breed • Compare abdomen & thorax for deviations from normal Conformation with respect to breed variations Abnormalities.

8. Accessing behaviour of animal means to look for Level of consciousness Attentiveness / Reaction to environment such as Alert and responsive Depressed Coma Normal healthy animal's mentation is often bright, alert and responsive. Behavior

9. Behavioral Assessment

10. Body Condition GENERALLY The animal is too thin of its ribs are easily seen. Animal is normal if ribs are readily felt without a layer of fat lying over them. Animal looks obese if it is difficult to feel ribs at all. Body condition scoring is very important factor to determine animal health status.

11. Body Condition Scoring

12. Posture and gait Closely observe animal posture and gait to access its health. Watch the animal walking Check to see if there is any limping. Incoordination or unsteadiness . Abnormal limb placement. Staggering gate Lameness

13. Check symmetry of the head Check the eyes, ears, muzzle and nostrils Examine the mouth, palpate the tongue and lymph nodes of the head Check the jugular vein, brisket and prescapular lymph nodes. Examine neck for over stretching or arching of neck. Head and Neck

14. Ears & Eyes Ears are a quick indicator of the cow’s physical well-being. If her ears are cold, there is a problem. If her ears are warm, there might still be a problem. If ears are droopy, there might also be a problem in cattle. Eyes are a quick indicator of both hydration and of her emotional status. Check if eyes are normal or sunken? If they are sunken, the animal is dehydrated. Observe eyes as if these indicate that animal is scared or in pain? If there any ocular discharge or not? Redness or inflammation around ayes.

15. Palpate and auscultate the heart – check for abnormalities Auscultate and percuss the lung field – check for abnormalities Check the abdominal shape and contour Palpate and auscultate the rumen Percuss and auscultate the body wall Ballot the lower flank. Left Side of Animal

16. Respiratory Movements Respiratory rate is monitored • Rhythm • Depth Shallow, deep • Type • Symmetrical vs. asymmetrical movements

17. Heart Auscultation

18. Lungs Auscultation and Percussion

19. Left Abdominal Region Carefully observe the thoracic region for any abnormalities Observe motility of rumen which is often estimated by placing a fist or by auscultating on left para lumber fossa for 2 minutes. Movement of hand or fist away from applied force region about 1-2 times suggest a healthy ruminal motility. Any deviation from above suggests an abnormality. Look for bloating or gas accumulation .

20. Abdominal Pings Auscultate for abdominal pings and abnormal sounds and observe following Location • Size • Intensity • Persistency

21. Udder Normal Mastitis Palpate left quarters of the mammary gland Heat Hardness (swelling) Edema Teat lesions

22. Rear / Tail region Check for following Abdominal contour Limb conformation Tail abnormalities Vulvular Mucous membranes Scrotum ( incase of male)

23. Check the position and size of the liver Percuss and auscultate the body wall Check the abdominal shape and contour Auscultate and percuss the lung field to check for abnormalities Palpate and auscultate the heart and check for abnormalities Right Side

24. Species Examination