History : THE SPANISH COLONIAL SYSTEM

Spain was the first European country to rise as a great colonizing power in modern times. At the zenith of her glory and grandeur during the 16th century, her siglo de oro (golden century), she had far-flung colonies in Africa, the New World (Latin America and Asia).

1. THE SPANISH COLONIAL SYSTEM CHAPTER 7:

2. Spain was the first European country to rise as a great colonizing power in modern times. At the zenith of her glory and grandeur during the 16 th century, her siglo de oro (golden century), she had far-flung colonies in Africa, the New World (Latin America and Asia).

3. King Philip II The first monarch to justly boast that the sun never set on his realm. Leyes de Indias Spain compiled the first code of colonial laws, which modern authorities on colonialism acclaim as “ one of the most humane and one of the most comprehensive codes published for any colonial empire”

4. However, because of the distance of the Philippines from Spain and the corruption and decadence of S panish officials and friars, especially in the 19 th century, these colonial laws were unevenly applied or failed to benefit the colonies.

5. Aims of Spanish Colonization Three G’s God Gold Glory

6. The first and chief aim of her colonization was the propagation of Catholic Christianity , which is attested by the Testament of Queen Isabel the Catholic (1479 – 1504) and the Christian spirit of the Leyes de Indias . GOD

7. Dr. Wilhelm Roscher German authority on Spanish colonization. “The principal aim of Spanish colonization was the conversion of the heathen peoples to Christianity” GOD

8. The second aim of Spanish colonization was the desire for gold or economic wealth . This aim sprang from the struggle among European powers to monopolize the spice trade of the Orient and to acquire riches . GOLD

9. The third aim of colonization arose out of Spain’s ambition to be the greatest empire in the world . GLORY

10. Spain Retains the Philippines Despite Economic Loss The Philippines was a financial burden to the Spanish treasury. The king spurned their advice. He told them that the chief objective of he Spanish colonization was the propagation of Christianity , and that for the conversio n of the Filipino people he would gladly spend “ all the riches of the Indies ”

11. The Philippines was a crown colony in the sense that she belonged to the Spanish king. 1821 The Philippines came to be directly ruled from M adrid, and this arrangement lasted until 1898. The Philippines as Crown Colony

12. Created by King Charles I (concurrently Emperor Charles V of Germany) in his Royal Decree of August 1, 1524. This council was powerful body, for it handles all matters pertaining to the colonies of the Spanish empire. The Council of the Indies

13. It consisted of a president, four councilors who were either lawyers or clergymen, a secretary, a fiscal, crown attorney, a treasurer, a historian, a cosmographer, a professor of mathematics and an usher. The Council of the Indies

14. Fray Garcia Jofre de Loaisa - Father of the Dominican Order and Archbishop of Sevilla . Queen Isabel II - i ssued Royal Decree of May 20, 1863, replacing it with the Ministry of Colonies ( Ministerio de Ultramar), assisted by the Council of the Philippines ( Consejo de Filipinas). The Council of the Indies

15. The numerous laws governing the colonies of Spain were compiled and published into a convenient colonial code entitled Recopilacion de Leyes de las Indias . The Laws of the Indies

16. The chief executive of the Philippines during Spanish times was the Governor and the Captain – General Enforced the king’s royal decrees and other laws from Spain Commander-in-chief of the colonial armed forces Appointed and removed colonial officials The Governor General

17. 1861 Served as president (chief justice) of the Royal Audiencia (Supreme Court). Served as vice-royal patron with the power to recommend priests for appointment as parish priests and to intervene in controversies between religious authorities . The Governor General

18. The governor general exercised the powers of a monarch He could declare war or peace He appointed and received ambassadors He administered not only the Philippines , but also the Marianas , Carolines and Palaus The Governor General

19. The governor general could veto any royal decree or law from Spain Veto power was called cumplase The Governor General

20. The great powers of the governor general: The Royal Audiencia which was the Supreme Court during Spanish period The archbishop and the clergy who were influential in the king’s court The complaints which subordinate public officials and private citizens sent directly to the king Checks to Gubernatorial Powers

21. Checks to Gubernatorial Powers The great powers of the governor general: The residencia , the trial of an outgoing governor general and other Spanish officials The visitador , an investigator which the king or Mixecan viceroy sent to the colony to investigate conditions in the Philippines

22. The Supreme Court in Spanish times Created by the Royal Decree of May 15, 1583, it held its first session in Manila on June 15, 1584. The first President of the Royal Audeincia was Governor Santiago de Vera. Owing to certain frictions between the governor and the oidores (justices), it was abolish in 1589 only to reestablished in 1595. The Royal Audiencia

23. Autos acordados (acts agreed upon) promulgated certain laws for the colony, because they were enacted upon agreement the governor general and the members of the Royal Audiencia . The Royal Audiencia

24. Examples of the laws: Restricting Chinese immigration Fixing the prices of prime commodities Ordering the people to comply with their religious duties The Royal Audiencia

25. Served as auditor general of the colonial government Audited the annual expenditures of the government The Royal Audiencia

26. Peculiar judicial institution introduced by Spain in the Philippines A trial of an outgoing governor general and other Spanish officials who obliged to give an accounting of their acts during their term of office. This trial was conducted by their successors or by a special judge appointed for this purpose. The Residencia

27. Governor Guido de Lavezaris (1572-75) 1 st Spanish governor general who was subjected to a residencia Governor Francisco de Sande (1575-80) Presided over the residencia Governor Ronquillo de Peñalosa The Residencia

28. The Residencia Hurtado de Corcuera (1635-44) Sentence to five years imprisonment and a fine of P25,000 Juan de Vargas (1678-84) Condemned to stand daily at the doors of the churches , dressed in the sack cloth of a penitent and with a rope around his neck

29. Berenguer de Marquina (1788-93) Fined P40,000.00 The Residencia

30. The great power s of the Spanish governor general of the Philippines Investigating officer Which the king of Spain or the viceroy of Mexico sent to Manila at a certain times to investigate Philippine conditions and the complaints against the governor general and other Spanish officials . The Visitador

31. 1629 Governor General Niño de Tabora (1626-1636) Under on his administration King Philip IV sent a visitador , Francisco Rojas ,an oidor of the Royal Audiencia of Mexico, to Manila to investigate the quarrel between Governor Tabora and the Royal Audiencia of Manila The Visitador

32. 1738 Jose Ignacio Arzadun Visitador that sent by the viceroy of Mexico A member of Royal Audiencia of Mexico Discovered the abuses of the Spanish alcalde mayor in Cagayan Province The Visitador

33. A grant of inhabitants living in a particular conquered territory which Spain gave to a Spanish colonizer as a reward for his services What the encomendero (owner of the encomienda ) received were the tributes of the inhabitants. The Encomienda System

34. Duties of Encomendero : To protect the inhabitants from enemies To assist the missionaries in Christianizing them To promote the education of the people The Encomienda System

35. Two kind of Encomiendas : Royal Exclusively owned by the king and they consisted of cities, seaports and inhabitants of regions rich in natural resources Private Owned by private persons or charitable institutions The Encomienda System

36. Two Generations of Encomiendas : The early Spanish colonizers in Cebu on January 1, 1571 by Adelantado Legazpi By 1591 , there were 257 encomiendas in the Philippines ( 31 royal and 236 private ) with the total population over 600,000 The Encomiendas System

37. Ended in Mexico , Chile , Peru and other Spanish colonies in Latin America at the end of the 18 th century In the Philippines the encomiendas system lasted a little longer and finally ended in the first decade of the 19 th century The Encomiendas System

38. As a symbol of vassalage to Spain, the Filipinos paid tribute. One tribute corresponded to one family consisting of husband, wife and minor children. The tribute was finally abolished in 1884 and was replaced by the cedula tax. The Tribute

39. Reasons why Filipino hated the tribute: It reminded them of their bondage to Spain It spawned Spanish abuses The Tribute

40. According to the law The tribute was payable in money or in kind In 1859, the people of the Ilocos and Cagayan Valley rose in revolt against the tribute. The Tribute

41. All male Filipinos from 16 to 60 of age were obliged to render force labor This labor lasted 40 days ; later in 1884 it was reduced to 15 days . Polista Person who rendered the force labor Could be exempted by paying the falla The Polo

42. One of the good things which Spain had done for the people Early Spanish missionaries urged the king to abolish slavery in the Philippines October 17, 1581 Bishop Domingo Salazar and the heads of different religious orders met at the Augustinian Convent in Tondo , Manila Abolition of Slavery

43. Pope Gregory XIV Reinforced the king’s decree which is Royal Decree of August 9, 1589 by promulgating the Papal Bull of April 18, 1591 threatening to excommunicate those who would not liberate their slaves Abolition of Slavery

44. Philippines was divided into provinces and special districts: Provinces k nown as alcaldias , each govern by an alcalde mayor Special Districts Representing unpacified regions, were known as corregimientos , each under a corregidor , usually an army officer. Provincial Government

45. Provinces were divided into pueblos , each pueblo was administered by a gobernadorcillo . Other town officials besides the gobernadorcillo were the teniente mayor (chief lieutenant), juez de sementeras (justice of the fields), juez de ganados (justice of cattle), juez de policia (justice of police and the directorcillo (municipal secretary) Municipal Government

46. Several large towns in the Philippines were organized into cities Among them were: Manila Lipa Jaro Cebu Albay Arevalo Naga Vigan The Cities

47. Ayuntamiento City Government Cabildo City Council Was compose at the alcalde (mayor), regidores ( councilors ), alguacil mayor (chief constable), escribano (secretary) The Cities

48. The missionaries played a significant role in the colonization of the Philippines. They came with the conquistadores. Their arms were the crucifix , rosary and their virtues . By the sign of the Cross, they conquered, winning the Filipinos to accept Christianity and Spanish rule. Missionaries and Spanish Colonization

49. The 1 st missionaries to reach the Philippines were the A ugustinians under Father Urdaneta . They came with Legazpi in 1565. In subsequent times more missionaries arrived: Franciscans in 1577 Jesuits in 1581 Dominicans in 1587 Recollects in 1606 Benedictines in 1895 Missionaries and Spanish Colonization

50. Parallel to and intimately associated with the civil government At the top of this organization was the Archbishop of Manila , who was appointed by the Pope upon recommendation of the king. Ecclesiastical Organization

51. Bishops Heads of dioceses (Bishoprics) Parish Priest Administered the parishes Archbishop’s Court Church owns court, which tried cases involving Canon law and cases concerning the clergy. Ecclesiastical Organization

52. Bishopric of Manila Established in 1578 by Pope Gregory XII Rev. Domingo de Salazar 1 st Bishop of Manila Ecclesiastical Organization

53. During the Spanish times there was a political union of Church and State in the Philippines . Catholic Christianity was the state religion. Both civil and ecclesiastical authorities served God and the king . Union of Church and State

54. Parish Priest The real power in the town Represented the majesty of Spain Supervised local elections, education, charities, morals and taxation. 1762 , Bishops and Archbishops acted as governors general in cases of vacancy in the gubernatorial office . Union of Church and State

55. Among them were : Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (1719-21) Bishop Juan de Arrechederra (1745-50) Bishop Lino de Espeleta (1759-61) Archbishop Manuel Antonio Rojo (1761-62) Ecclesiastical Organization

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