hope a positive cognitive state and quality

positive cognitive psychological State

1. hope Producing and motivation on pursuing alternative ways

2. Hope is the goal directed thinking for a favourable consequence where an individual utilizes his perceived capacity to produce alternative ways for attainment of desired goal and motivating his/her own self to pursue on these paths. Stotland (1969) investigated the function of expectancies and cognitive schemas in the development of hope, which he defined as a set of important goals with a high perceived possibility of realization. According to Gottschalk (1974), hope is having positive expectations about particular favorable consequences, and it motivates a person to overcome psychological challenges.

3. Hope theory Developed by Professor Charles Richard Snyder (1994) He mentioned 3 important aspect of hope: Goal Pathways thinking : “I’ll find a way to get this done!” (Snyder, Lapointe, Crowson, & Early, 1998). Agency thinking : “I can do this” and “I am not going to be stopped” (Snyder et al., 1998)

4. Self report inventories: the adult Trait Hope Scale (Snyder, Harris, et al., 1991); The State Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1996); and The Children’s Hope Scale (for ages 8 to 16) (Snyder, Hoza , et al., 1997) Snyder (1994) proposes that hope has no hereditary contributions but rather is entirely a learned cognitive set about goal-directed thinking. Strong attachment to caregivers is crucial for imparting hope( Shorey , Snyder, Yang, & Lewin, 2003) Traumatic events across the course of childhood is lessening of hope (Rodriguez-Hanley & Snyder, 2000) Snyder suggested hope has a neurological basis such as BAS and BIS of central nervous system. (Pickering, & Gray,1999)

5. Benefits of Hope Academic Performance : Higher Hope Scale scores at the start of college have been shown to predict better overall grade point averages and whether students will continue school (Snyder, Shorey , et al., 2002) Health and Well being: In the area of adjustment, higher Hope Scale scores have related to various indices of elevated happiness, satisfaction, positive emotions, getting along with others, etc. (Snyder, Harris, et aI ., 1991). Hope can be used as a resource to keep anxiety from overpowering and incapacitating the patient. (Michael, 2000)

6. Psychotherapy & hope therapy: McNeal (1998) conducted a study of children and adolescents’ hope before and after they had received psychological treatment in a residential setting. He found that significantly higher levels of hope were developed during that period. Hope therapy aims to help clients formulate clear goals, produce numerous pathways to these, motivate themselves to pursue their goals and reframe obstacles as challenges to be overcome. (Snyder, 2000)

7. Collective Hope Collective hope reflects the level of goal-directed thinking of a large group of people. (Snyder & Feldman, 2000) Snyder and Feldman (2000) have applied the notion of collective hope more generally to the topics of disarmament, preservation of environmental resources, health insurance, and government.

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