Horticultural and botanical classification

Details of Fruit crops according to Horticultural and botanical classification

1. Horticultural and botanical
Classification

6. Why we do classification:

It helps:

To identify and naming of crop

To study the close relationship between
species

To know their crossing and hybrid behavior

To know their compatibility and inter grafting
ability

To know their adaptability to soil and climate

7. Classification on the basis of

Rate of respiration

Consumption

Fruit type

Growth habit and physiological characteristics

Life span

Flowering Habits

Temperature

Uses and Cultural requirements

8. Classification based on rate of respiration

Climacteric fruit:

Sharp rise in respiration after harvesting e.g.
Mango, Banana, Sapota, Guava, Papaya, Apple,
Peach etc.

Non-climacteric fruit:

Steady respiration at the time of harvesting e.g.
Grape, Pineapple, Pomegranate, Strawberry,
Litchi, Jamun, Ber, Cashew etc.

9. Plant parts used for consumption

Apple: fleshy thalamus

Pineapple: fleshy thalamus

Guava: thalamus and pericarp

Cashew nut: mesocarp and endocarp

Coconut : endosperm

Custard apple : fleshy pericarp

Fig: fleshy receptacle

Grape: pericarp and placentae

Mango: mesocarp

Papaya : mesocarp

Pomegranate: aril

10. 
Small or Soft fruit:

Born on low growing plants like shrubs and vines e.g.
Grapes, Falsa, Strawberry

Nuts:

Edible seeds e.g. Almond, Walnut, Pecans etc.

Fleshy fruit:

soft flesh opposite to seed e.g. Mango

Pome:

Edible part thalamus e.g. Apple, Pear, Quince.
Fruit Classification based on fruit type

11. 
Berries:

Develop from ovary walls e.g. Grapes, Banana, Citrus,
Tomato.

Stone/drupe fruit:

Fruits have stony endocarp e.g. Peach, Plum, Apricot,
Mango, Cherry.

Hesperidium: leathery and granular pericarp, locules of
the fruits contain juicy sacs developed from placental
hair of endocarp e.g. Citrus

Capsule: Aonla, Carambola etc.

12. 
Psorosis: developed from spike, small fruits fuse by their
succulent calyx e.g. Pineapple, Jackfruit, Mulberry etc.

Syconus: fruits developed from a hollow, fleshy and enlarged
receptacle which encloses numerous male and female e.g. Fig.

Etario of berries: Custard apple

13. Growth habit & physiological characteristics
Succulents:

Plants with tender and watery stem & leaves eg. foliage
plants
Herbacious:

Self supporting succulent

Tender stem either drooping or self supporting eg. most of
vegetables
Woody:

self supporting woody plants eg. trees and shrubs

14. Evergreen

Plants with persistent leaves

Tropical in origin

E.g. Citrus, Mango, Date, Guava, Litchi, Coconut, Olive,
Ber, Banana, Pineapple, Fig and Papaya etc.
Deciduous

Plant shedding their leaves in winter

E.g. Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Apricot, Almond, Cherry,
Strawberry, Grapes, Walnut, Pistachio, Pomegranate and
Falsa

15. Life span
Annuals

Complete life cycle in one growing season.

Many vegetables and seasonal flowers.
Biennials

Complete life cycle in two growing seasons.

Ist season- Vegetative growth with short internodes and rosettes

IInd season- bolting (flowering stalk with long internodes
bearing flowers and fruits)

Root vegetables (Carrot, beet, radish)

Leafy vegetables (Lettuce and cabbage)

Onion.
Climate is critical factor in determination of the life cycle

16. Acc. to availability of male/female parts on the plant

Monoecious:

Male and female parts on the same flower/plant.

e.g., Mango, Citrus, Cucurbits and Walnuts.

Dioecious:

only one sex present on one plant.

e.g., Date and Papaya, Spinach, Asparagus, Beet

Polygamous:

having all male, female and hermaphrodite flowers on the same
plant

Watermelon, Fig, Mango

17. Temperature relations
Acc. to growing season (Fruits)

Temperate:

Mostly deciduous.

Required chilling to flower

e.g. Apple, Pear, Plum and Peaches.

Sub tropical:

Can’t tolerate frost

e.g. Citrus, Guava and Grapes.

Tropical:

More sensitive to low temp.

e.g. Banana, Papaya and Mango.

18. Vegetable classification based on uses & cultural
requirements
Root crops

with underground edible part e.g. Carrot,
Radish, Turnip, Beet, Potato.
Leafy vegetables

Lettuce, Cabbage, Celery, Spinach
Vine crops

Most of cucurbits

19. 
Solanaceous fruits

Tomato, Eggplant & Bell pepper

Flower crops

Cauliflower & Broccoli

Seed

Peas & Beans

20. Ornamental plant classification based on uses &
cultural requirements

Flowering plants

Annuals,

perennials and

bulbs with underground storage organs.

Landscape plants

Foliage plants, ground covers, lawn grasses, hedges,
trees and shrubs

Indoor plants with persistent evergreen foliage

22. 
True fruit

When ovary of the flowers grows into the fruit,
it forms true fruit.

False fruit/ pseudo fruit

When other floral parts such as thalamus,
receptacle or calyx form a part of fruit.

23. 
Simple fruit

Developed from one single ovary containing one or more
carpels and may not include additional accessory structure

Aggregate fruits

From one flower that produces many tiny fruits clustered
together (etaerios), strawberry, raspberries

Etaerio of achenes: strawberry

Etaerio of berries: custard apple

Etaerio of drupes: raspberry

24. 
Multiple fruits

Developed from many separate but closely
clustered flowers e.g. Pineapple, Fig, Mulberry

Sorosis : developed from female catkin

E.g pineapple, mulberry

Syconus: developed from hypanthodium type of
inflorescence. fig

25. Catkin type inflorescence- Mulberry

26. Hypanthodium type of inflorescence: Fig

28. Simple fruits

Fleshy fruit

Its pericarp and accessory parts develop into
succulent tissues

One or more layers become soft during
ripening

Its pericarp is fleshy at maturity

29. 
Berries:

Pericarp is fleshy and differentiated into
epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp

Single seeded or many seeded

Seeds become free from placenta and lie freely
in the pulpy endocarp.

Eg. Grapes, guava,tomato.

31. Modified berries:

Stone/drupe:

Pericarp is divided into distinct layer epicarp (thick),
mesocarp (pulpy) and endocarp (hard and woody
containing single seed).

Plum, peach, mango, jamun

Pome:

False fruit developed from ovary along with adjacent
flower fleshy thalamus

Apple, pear, loquat

33. 
Hesperidium

Leathery and granular pericarp, locules of the fruit
contain juicy sacs developed from placental hair of
endocarp

Oranges

Nut:

Pericarp become thick and hard

Litchi

34. 
Capsule:

Developed from two or more united carpels and fruit are
many seeded.

E.g. Aonla, carambola

Balusta :

Whole fruit is covered by a hard rind made up of exocarp
and part of mesocarp. The endocarp is papery and covers
the individual group of seeds.

Watermelon

35. 
Pepo:

Rind or exocarp does not separate from mesocarp. Seeds
do not separate from placentae. Eg. Cucumber, pumpkin.

Rind may or may not be edible.

Amphisarca:

Multilocular and many seeded superior berries in which
outer part of pericarp or epicarp is woody, mesocarp is
fibrous while endocarp and placental form the edible
pulp, e.g. bael, woodapple.

39. 
Indehiscent fruits: single seeded doesn’t split or
open at maturity to shed their seeds.

Dehiscent/capsular: pericarp splits open at
maturity and the seeds are released. Many seeded
dehiscent.

Schizocarpic: it is developed from having two or
more united carpels which splits into indehiscent
one seeded part is called mericarp.

40. 
Monocotyledonous: Coconut, Arecanut, Pineapple,
Banana, Date palm etc.

Dicotyledonous: Mango, Karonda, Aonla, Guava,
Jamun, Ber, Pomegranate etc.

41. THANKS