(Horticulture)Production Technology of Mango .pptx

Production Technology of Mango

1. Production technology of mango Introduction Name: Deepa R Reg no:22164103

2. Introduction Ripe fruits used for table purpose and for processed products like squashes, syrups, nectar jam, jellies. Foreign exchange earner for India Mango is an outstanding source of Vitamin A (4800 IU/100 g) and a good source of Vitamin C, apart from minerals and other vitamins. Fruit type: Drupe Origin and Distribution This genus is reported to have originated from South-East Asia with a natural spread in the Indo-Malayan region.

3. Varieties There are nearly 1000 mango varieties in India. However, only about 20 varieties are grown commercially. North India: Dashehari , Langra , Chausa and Bombay Green South India : Banganapalli , Totapuri , Neelum , Suvarnarekha , Mulgoa , Kalapadi and Rumani Western India: Alphonso , Kesar , Fernandin and VanrajEastern India: Langra , Chausa , Himsagar and Malda Eastern India: Langra, Chausa, Himsagar and Malda

4. Alphonso Leading commercial variety of Maharashtra and one of the choicest varieties of the country. Fruit is medium in size, ovate oblique in shape and orange yellow in colour. Fruit quality and keeping quality is good. Good for canning purpose. Susceptible to spongy tissue. Mainly exported as fresh fruit to other countries. Mid season variety

5. Alphonso

6. Bangalora Commercial variety of south India. Common synonyms of this variety are Totapuri , Killi Mukku and Gilli Mukku . Fruit size is medium to large, its shape is oblong with necked base and colour is golden yellow Fruit quality is poor but keeping quality is very goodWidely used for processing Mid season

7. Banganapalli Commercial variety of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Fruit is large in size and obliquely oval in shape Colour of the fruit is golden yellow Fruit quality and keeping quality are good Mid season variety and is good for canning

8. Dashehari This variety derives its name from the village Dashehari near Lucknow Leading commercial variety of north India and one of the best varieties of our country Fruit quality is excellent and keeping quality is good

9. Himsagar This variety is indigenous to Bengal One of the choicest varieties of Bengal and has gained extensive popularity Quality and keeping quality are good Longra This variety is indigenous to Varanasi area of Uttar Pradesh Extensively grown in northern India Fruit quality is good but keeping quality is medium

10. Himsagar Longra

11. Mulgoa Commercial variety of south India Fruit quality and keeping quality are good It is a late season variety. Neelum This is a commercial variety indigenous to Tamil Nadu. It is an ideal variety for transporting to distant places owing to its high keeping quality Fruit quality is good and keeping quality is very good.

12. Mulgoa and Neelum

13. Suvernarekha This is a commercial variety of Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. Other synonyms of this variety are Sundari , Lal Sundari and Chinna Suvernarekha . Fruit quality is medium and keeping quality is good.Early  season variety Vanraj It is a highly prized variety of Vadodra district of Gujarat and fetches good returns. Fruit quality and keeping quality are good

14. Suvernarekha and Vanraj

15. Amrapali This hybrid is from a cross of Dashehari and Neelum it is dwarf, regular bearing and late maturing variety Variety is suitable for high density planting as about 1600 plants may be planted in a hectareYields on an average of 16 t/ha Mallika It is from a cross of Neelum and Dashehari Fruit and keeping quality are good Mid season varietyArka Puneet

16. Amrapali and Malika

17. Arka Puneet Hybrid between Alphonso and Banganapalli Regular and prolific bearer Fruits are medium sized having attractive skin colour with red blush, excellent keeping quality and free from spongy tissue

18. Arka Aruna Hybrid between Banganapalli and Alphonso Dwarf, regular bearing and precocious Suitable for homesteads as well as high density planting Arka Anmol This hybrid is from a cross of Alphonso and Janardhan Pasand Regular bearer and good yielder Fruits are medium sized having uniform yellow peel colour, excellent keeping quality and free from spongy tissue

19. Arka Aruna and Arka Anmol

20. Arka Neelkiran and Ratna Arka Neelkiran : Arka NeelkiranIt is a hybrid between Alphonso and NeelumIt is regular bearing late season variety with medium sized fruits having attractive red blush and free from spongy tissue Ratna : This hybrid is from a cross of Alphonso and Janardhan Pasand Regular bearer and good yielder Fruits are medium sized having uniform yellow peel colour, excellent keeping quality and free from spongy tissue

21. Arka Neelkiran and Ratna

22. Sindhu and Ambika Sindhu : From a cross of Ratna and AlphonsoIt is regular bearer, fruits medium sized, free from spongy tissue with high pulp to stone ratio and very thin and small stone Ambika : Hybrid is a cross between Amrapali and Janardhan PasandRegular and prolific bearerFruits are medium sized having attractive skin colour with red blush, and late in ripening

23. Sindhu and Ambika

24. PKM 1 PKM 1 (1981) : It is a clonal selection from the hybrid, Chinnaswarnarekha and Neelum . Regular bearer during both on and off years. Suitable for long distance transport. Each fruit weighs 250-300 g, which is long, narrow with prominent beak

25. PKM 2 and Paiyur (1992) PKM 2 (1990) : Hybrid between Neelum and Mulgoa Yields higher than Neelum and Mulgoa with other attributes like large size fruits, highpulp content, abundant juice, pleasant flavour , good keeping quality, very sweet taste, high total soluble solids/acid ratio. Paiyur 1 (1992) : This is a clonal selection from Neelum variety of mango from Karukkanchavadivillage of Kaveripattinam , Dharmapuri district Trees are dwarf, low spreading and suitable for high density planting This is a regular bearer with a mean yield of 22.3 kg per tree (8929 kg/ha) at nine yearsafter planting

26. Climatic and Soil Requirements Mango thrives well in Tropical and Sub tropical climate. The optimum temperature range is 24°C to 27° C. It can tolerate up to 48° C during fruit development with regular irrigations, which improve fruit size, quality and maturity. Low temperatures (13°C-19°C) are good for flower bud differentiation. It can be grown in areas with rainfall from 25 cm to 250 cm Optimum pH is 5.5 to 7.0. It cannot tolerate saline conditions.

27. Seed Propagation Primary method of multiplication for raising seedlings. It is easy but not uniform, most of seeds germinate immediately and some are having dormancy periods. Vegetative - Propagation Techniques Inarching/ Approach grafting, Veneer Grafting and Epicotyl Grafting are commercially adopted in India. Inarching is the only technique in vogue in commercial nurseries. June to Sept/Oct is best for grafting Polyembryonic seedlings are best in providing uniform root stocks Totapuri red small and Olour are dwarfing root stocks

28. Inarching Primary method of multiplication for raising seedlings. It is easy but not uniform, most of seeds germinate immediately and some are having dormancy periods. Vegetative - Propagation Techniques For inarching, One year old seedlings are used as rootstocks. About 90% success is obtained in this method. From the time of sowing seeds, the grafts take One and a Half to Two years to be ready for planting in the field.

29. Epicotyl grafting It has been standardized recently. Berminating seeds of about 8 to 15 days old are used as the rootstocks. The scions are prepared by prior defoliation of shoots of comparative thickness. Splice and Wedge methods are used for grafting. Percentage of success in Splice-50%, Wedge method-33%.

30. Main Field preparation The main field is brought to fine tilth . Pit size of 1m * 1m * 1m Before planting, pits are filled with well-rotten farmyard manure. The grafts should be planted during rainy season. Under Tamil Nadu conditions, planting season varies from June to September. In North India, planting can be done in February-March if irrigation is available.

31. PLANTING The low density planting at a spacing of 10 * 10 m accommodates 100 plants/ha (40 plants/acre). The moderate density at a spacing of 7 * 7m accommodates 204 plants/ha (82 plants/acre) .High density planting at a spacing of 5 x 5 meter accommodates 400 plants/ha (160 plants/acre) Details Conventional planting (plants/ha) Resource Rich(plants/ha) Resource moderate(plants/ha) Resource poor (pants/ ha) No. of plants 100 204 278 400 Spacing 10 x 10m 7 x 7 m 6 x 6m 5 x5 m Arka Aruna, Sindhu 5 * 5 m-400 plants/ha HDP - Amrapalli 2.5x2.5m-1000 plants/ha

32. HDP In High Density planting, a closer spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m to 5 x 5 m is recommended. Variety Spacing No. of Plants/ha Arka Aruna , Sindhu 5 x 5 400 Amrapali 2.5 x 2.5 m 1000 The Polyembryonic Mango Vellaikolumban when used as rootstock imparts dwarfing in Alphonso .

33. Micronutrients Spraying of Zinc sulphate (0.3%) during February, March and May is recommended to correct the zinc deficiency. Spraying of Borax (0.5%) after fruit set twice at monthly intervals and 0.5% Manganese sulphate after blooming corrects Boron and Manganese deficiencies respectively.

34. Water Management Mango needs 125-170 cm of precipitation. When the planting is done in spring, the young plants require irrigation fourth or fifth day during the first summer till the rain breaks. The bearing plants are often given no irrigation but irrigation during flowering reduces fruit drop and gives larger fruits. Irrigation if withheld during the pre flowering phase increases flowering, otherwise, irrigation during this period is likely to promote vegetative growth. Trees receive heading back pruning needs to be provided 2-3 irrigation at that time to induce new shoot formation.

35. Training & Pruning Rootstock sprouts & low lying branches have to be removed in the initial years of establishment. Overlapping, Intercrossed, Diseased, Dried and Weak branches are to be removed after their harvest season is over. In old and Irregular bearing trees, TNAU recommends a kind of severe pruning to make it a regular bearer.

36. Pruning Mango is a terminal bearer in the past season's growth and normally does not require any pruning. But when the trees become very old, the bearing capacity decreases. This is due to imbalance in hormonal status, which might be due to excess vegetative growth and self-shading of most of lower branches.

37. Flowers Inflorescence Terminal panicles Up to 6,000 flowers Flowers Most male Few hermaphroditic Insect pollinated Flies, thrips Ability Ability to set fruit related to hermphroditic  flowers

38. Cropping lower bud differentiation occur between October to December Flowering take place as early as Nov-Dec (AP) Dec-Jan (TN), Feb-Mar (North India) KNO3 at 1% sprayed in flowering and fruit set stage improved the earlier flowering and fruiting. Fruit drop Regular irrigation during the fruit development period, application of growth regulators like NAA (50 ppm ) and 2,4-D (20 ppm ) during off years about six weeks after fruitset . Soil application of 5 g cultar ( Paclobutrazol ) resulting in induction of flowering and fruiting of bearing.

39. Flowering and Bearing behaviour Fruit buds are borne on Past season shoots terminally in mango and is a pure bud. Inflorescence is a Large terminal panicle which carries both Male and Bisexual flowers. Each panicle carries 300 to 4000 flowers in which the percentage of perfectflowers vary from 2.0 to 65% depending upon the cultivars. Fruit bud differentiation occurs between October to December. Flowering takes place as early as November to December in A. P., December to January in Tamil Nadu, February to March in North India. The duration flowering is very short, usually of 2 to 3 weeks.

40. Fruit set The fruit set varies with cultivars and generally in a shy bearing cultivar, 0.1% is considered optimum. Many chemicals are recently recommended to induce flowering and fruit set. Potassium nitrate (KNO³) at 1% concentration sprayed at the time of flowering/ fruit set stage improved the earlier flowering and fruiting.

41. Use of Plant Growth Regulators NAA (50 ppm ) and 2,4-D (20 ppm ) six weeks after fruit set control fruit drop in mango. Malformed trees can be improved by a single spray of NAA (200 ppm ) in the first week of October and at the budburst stage. Ethephon (200 ppm ) - For breaking alternate bearing and to increase yield. Total 5 sprays, I spray in mid October or early November & Subsequent sprays at fortnightly interval. Ethephon (1000 ppm ) For flower induction in juvenile mango. Total 5 sprays at weekly interval commencing from early November.Ethephon (500 ppm )-Post harvest treatment for uniform ripening Single dip treatment or praying on physiologically matured fruits. Paclobutrazol To reduce the inter node length of new shoots and earlier formation of terminal bud. Favourably , influence the fruit bud production, fruit colour and yield.Application after the harvest of fruits (Any time from July to Oct)

42. Mango Malformation Serious one in North India than in South. Vegetative malformation Floral malformation Vegetative malformation is more common in the nursery seedlings and young plants, wherein malformed vegetative shoots are appearance of small leaves in whorls on thick; stunted shoots which may crown the apex, giving a bunchy- top like appearance. In the case of floral malformation, the floral parts are transformed into compact masses of sterile flowers appearing in the form of a bunch, causing total loss to the crop. Malformed trees can be improved by single spray of NAA (200 ppm ) in the first week of October and at the budburst stage.

43. Leaf Scorch The Characteristic symptom is akin to that of potash deficiency, i.e. scorching of Id leaves at the tips and margins. This condition is quite common during the winter The leaves fall down and the tree vigour and the yield reduced. It is caused by excess of chloride ions which render the potash unavailable. This disorder is common in saline soils or where brackish water is available for irrigation. Acute condition can be cured by 4-5 foliar applications of potassium sulphate (5%) on newly emerged flushes at fortnightly intervals.

44. Clustering ( Jhumka ) Clustering of fruits without growth at the tip of the panicle caused by adverse weather (low temperature) during Feb-March. Most of the fruits drop, shriveled and aborted embryos.

45. Biennial Bearing Also called 'Alternate bearing which denotes yield variation in alternate years, ie . a year of optimum or heavy fruiting is followed by a year of little or no fruiting. The term 'Irregular bearing imply that cropping does not follow a systemic pattern, ie . an optimum crop is obtained only once in a number of years.. Deblossoming during the 'ON' year so as to obtain some crop every year has been recommended but the response to this practice depends on the cultivar, stage of the panicle, etc.,

46. Biennial Bearing Use of growth retardants: Spraying of growth regulators like ethrel during 'OFF' years to induce flowering is recommended. Application of Paclobutrazol , an anti- gibberellin synthesis, when drenched around the trees @ 3-5 ml/tree during August/ September induces the trees to flower within 100-120 days of application. Drenching process invloves dissolving the growth retardant in 6 litres of water and poring it around the trees in drip circle in previously made 5-6 holes using the crowbars. This operation should follow regular irrigation. Growing of regular bearing cultivars like Neelum , Bangalora ,  Ratna ,  Sindhu .

47. Mango stem borer ( Batocera rufomaculata ) Apply carbofuran 3G 5 g per hole and plug with mud. Mango hoppers ( Idioscopus niveoparsus , clypealis , Amirtodus atkinsoni ) Spray two rounds of acephate 75 SP@ 1g/lit or phosalone 35 EC@ 1.5 ml/l (or)Spray two rounds of imidacloprid 0.2ml/lit or phosphamidon 40SL 2 ml/lit of water . Wettable sulphur @ 2 g/lit may be sprayed after spraying carbaryl to avoid mite resurgence

48. Mango nut weevil ( Sternochaetus mangifera ) Spray application of fenthion 100EC Iml /l; (first at marble stage of the fruit second at 15 days interval) Svintom Shoot Webber ( Orthaga exvinacea ) Spray carbaryl at 50 WP @ 0.1%

49. Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioid ) Produces leaf spots, blossom blight, wither tip, twigs blight and fruit rotSmall blister like spots develop on the leaves and twigs. Spray P. fluorescens at 3 weeks interval commencing from October at 5g/like on flower branches. Before storage, treat with hot water, (50-55°C) for 15 minutes or dip in Benomyl solution (500ppm) or Thiobendazole (1000ppm) for 5 minutes Spray carbaryl at 50 WP @ 0.1%

50. Powdery mildew ( Oidium mangiferae ) It attacks the leaves, flowers, stalks of panicle and fruits Shedding of infected leaves occurs when the disease is severe. The affected fruits do not grow in size and may drop before attaining pea sizeDusting the plants with fine sulphur (250-300 mesh) at the rate of 0.5 kg/tree. The first application may be soon after flowering, second 15 days later (or) spray with Wettable sulphur (0.2%), (or) Carbendazim (0.1%), (or) Tridemorph (0.1%), (or) Karathane  (0.1%)

51. Stem end rot ( Diplodia natalensis ) The dark epicarp around the base of the pedicel Prune and destroy infected twigs and spray Carbendazim or Thiophanate Methyl (0.1%) or Chlorathalonil (0.2%) as fortnightly interval during rainy season Stem end rot ( Diplodia natalensis ) Algae attacks foliage and young twigs. Rusty spots appear on leaves, initially as circular, slightly elevated, coalesce to form irregular spots. Bordeaux mixture (0.6%) or Copper oxychloride  0.25%

52. Brown spots develop on the margin and at the tip of the leaf lamina Remove and destroy infected plant parts. Spraying copper oxychloride 0.25 Mancozeb 0.25% or Bordeaux mixture 1.0% Sooty mould ( Capnodium mangiferae ) The fungi produce mycelium which is superficial and dark Controlling of insect by spraying systemic insecticides of methyl dematon . After that spray starch solution (1kg Starch/Maida in 5 litres of water. Boiled and dilute to 20 liters) Grey Blight ( Pestalotia mangiferae )

53. Number of days taken from flowering ranges from 90-120 days to fruit maturity. Method of Harvesting: The fruits are harvested by shaking the branches which results in internal breakdown of the flesh on falling and spoils the appearance. In the other common method, the fruit picker climbs up the tree with a collecting bag on nis shoulder and the fruits plucked are placed in the bag. This method though more satisfactory, is rather impracticable because of the large size of the tree.Besides , there is danger of breaking the branch also. Maturity Indices

54. The most satisfactory method available at the moment is the one which makes use of a bamboo hand tool, called Mango Picker. This consists of a long bamboo pole fitted with a cutting shear at the distal end and änder which a fruit cutting net is tied. A vibratory mango harvesting system has been designed for harvesting mangoes with maximum fruit removal and minimum tree damage. Maturity Indices

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