How to Read Scientific Literature in todays world

Comprehension of scientific literature

1. Can we strive as a society without scientific temper ?

2. The India I live in……….

3. Information  vs  Knowledge

4. Where do you get your INFORMATION from? 

5. What is missing in Google ? CURATION ? ​ Selection of accurate content

6. " Data curation is the active and ongoing management of data through its life cycle of interest and usefulness to scholarship, science, and education, which includes appraisal and selection, representation and organization of these data for access and use over time."  https://muse.jhu.edu/article/541840/pdf

7. Helps evaluate quality of scientific data. Could also ensure better access to the best scientific data. One form of curation in science is PEER REVIEW ! Why Curation is Important ?

8. What about WIKIPEDIA ?

9. Is Wikipedia CURATED ? By whom ?

10. by Anyone from Anywhere !!!! Is there a problem with this ?

11. Do you trust everything said in Wikipedia ?

12. You need to attend a get together/a party where there is a theme that says you need to dress up as a character Task 2:

13. In simple words,  have you ever thought about how would be the world have been without any development of technology or anything? Well, the life people enjoy now or the things that we do in minutes which earlier looked impossible are all because of the research. Research not limited to any one sector but has been done for almost every sector. Some of them are technology, healthcare, defence, precautionary steps against natural calamities and many more. So research plays a very important role in our day to day life. Research is the best and reliable way to understand and act on the complexities of various issues that we as humans are facing.

14. “The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.” Oxford Dictionaries - http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/research (accessed 04/02/14) What is research?

15. What is research? Are the following activities research? The teacher is going to teach about spectroscopy next week. The student reads the chapter this week. The teacher taught principles of spectroscopy in class. The student goes home and reads a Wikipedia article about applications. Hearing about the Nobel Prizes in Physics, a student watches a few TED talk videos about gravitational waves though this topic is not in the syllabus. A student reads a recent research paper about circadian rhythm and gives a short (15 minute) talk to his class. A student analyzes sugar content of a few popular soft drinks and makes a poster. 23

16. What is research? Are the following activities research? A student collects water samples from various colonies (or ponds) and determines the lead (or some other element) content. A student attends a seminar and shares a dataset on how many students in the college eat fruits daily. A student determines blood group of all students in the college. A student tests various conditions to grow earthworms in the lab and uses the best conditions to make and sell vermicompost. A student reads 10-12 original research papers on a recent or historical topic and writes a 5-page review. 24

17. Research Copy down facts from books and websites and put them together…. Research is a learning and sharing process….

18. Research Research is not just for the sake of “doing research” or for “getting Ph.D. degrees”. The traditional type of research is to fill the knowledge gaps. Research is to solve the problem like a consultant. Research is for searching the knowledge. .

19. What does research look like ? Finding a button in your pocket Looking something up on the internet? Reading a book? Doing some practical work? Asking a friend? Research involves a knowledge base , effort and skill . Recognise …

20. Knowledge base. Effort. Skill. Practical work Literature review A thesis Problems! Scientific method A team of people Late nights! A viva What is research ?

21. CONTENTS Definition & Purpose Scientific Literature Types of Scientific Literature Reading Scientific Literature Information vs Knowledge Curation & Peer Review Annotation in Scientific Literature What is Research? Conclusion

22. I research, therefore I know

23. Where do Major Breakthroughs in Science Get Published? Scientific Journals Where do Minor Breakthroughs in Science Get Published? WHAT DO SCIENTISTS USE ?

24. Research Paper Explaining science to someone as a journey. Point A – the knowledge that they already have about the topic. Point B – a new state, where they now know something they didn’t know before.  Your audience can’t move instantly from A to B. They have to make a journey, and your aim as the ‘explainer’ is to make that journey easy for them. 

25. Research Article Title Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References

26. Estd : 1665 Estd : 1913 Scientific Journals

27. https://www.ft.com/content/7a993bee-391b-11e9-b72b-2c7f526ca5d0

28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

29. PubMed Homepage :

30. Search for any enzyme: Protein Kinase C

31. Search for any enzyme: Protein Kinase C

32. Search for any enzyme: Protein Kinase C

33. Search for: Protein Kinase C and tumor suppressor

34. Search for: Protein Kinase C and tumor suppressor and alexandra newton

35. Search for: protein kinase c and tumor suppressor and Newton AC

36. Search for: protein kinase c, tumor suppressor, Alexandra Newton

37. Search for any disease: Diabetes Mellitus

38. Search for a Scientist : Peter J. Ratcliffe or Ratcliffe PJ

39. Major classes of scientific literature  Research articles  Review articles Commentary Medical Case Reports

40. What is a Review Paper ?

41. Research Article Review Article OPINION PIECE Tells you how this person (or persons] view all the current literature in the field

42. Research Article Title Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

43. Title  Abstract Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

44. Title Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

45. Title Title generally summarizes the main idea of the research paper It briefly describes the study Read the title carefully Ask yourself : What do I understand?

46. Abstract Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

47. Abstract Clearly states the hypothesis/goal/aim of the study Provides a brief overview of "Methods" and "Results" Summarizes key results Provides short conclusion Make notes of what you understand. Ask yourself why do I want to read this paper further.

48. Provides background of the topic Contains some details about previously published studies on the same topic Highlights important missing information Explains why the present study was conducted May/may not provide an overall approach Sets a goal/aim/hypothesis (along with possible objectives) Introduction

49. Try to summarize the background in a few sentences Introduction Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

50. Materials and Methods What is needed to do these experiments: List of reagents/chemicals/drugs/antibodies Cell lines (human cell lines; disease specific cell lines) Animals (Mice, Rats etc.) Human Subjects

51. Materials & Methods Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

52. Materials and Methods Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

53. Methods   List of techniques used in the paper   Each technique would have following details: The dosage/concentration of reagents/drugs/antibodies Detailed description (methodology) on how the experiment was performed Other details: Sample sizes Controls Statistical analysis (data analysis)

54. Materials & Methods Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

55. Materials & Methods Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

56. Why are they telling me all this ??

57. Is reproducibility an important criteria in Research ?

58. Results Each section has a statement of what was found after conducting the experiment. Read each section along with respective figure/table Does “Result” section answer all the questions?

59. Q : What do you expect to see in results ?? ANS : Different kind of data. Q: What kind of data ? ANS : Depends on the kind of study. The data may vary. Q : Should I be able to understand all of the data ? ANS : NO Q : What if I do not understand the data? ANS : Read more papers. That's what scientists do!!! Results

60. Microscopy Images Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

61. Proteins Blots Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

62. Graphs Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).​

63. Schematic Singh V et al., J Cell Sci. 2018 Aug 17;131(16).

64. Mouse Tumor DATA Sung JE et al.,Lab Anim Res. 2017 Jun;33(2):187-194.

65. Mouse Tumor  DATA

66. Patient DATA Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is associated with increased allergen-specific IgGs which have varying affinity between patients and block binding of Fel d 1 to IgE with variable potency.  a  Fel d 1-specific IgG titers were measured as a percentage of total IgG in cat-allergic Non-SIT ( n  = 5) and Cat-SIT ( n  = 14) patient sera by ELISA. Mean (line) and individual patient data representing the average of duplicate wells (dots) are shown. Statistical analysis was assessed by Mann–Whitney two-tailed test.  b  Individual patient data for samples used

67. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics DATA ​

68. MEDIAN DOSES: LD50, ED50 AND TD50 http://fluoridationqueensland.com/?page_id=28619

69. SPECALISED DATA e.g. Proteomics data Tsiatsiani L  et al. , FEBS J. 2015 Jul;282(14):2612-26.

70. SPECALISED DATA e.g. Genomics data Castle JC et al. BMC Genomics 2014, 15:190 

71. ASK YOURSELF …  Are results sufficient to prove the aim/goal/hypothesis of the study?

72. Discussion Discussion and interpretation of obtained results Comparison of results with previously published studies Strengths and limitations of the study Future implications

73. Conclusion Sometimes authors tend to explain conclusion at the end of the “Discussion” section Paper may or may not have this section A summary of obtained results

74. Picking the right paper. How do you decide ? YOU TELL ME !

75. How many Research papers have you read in the last 1 year ?

76. How to read a paper in 30min ?? Title – 1min Abstract – 10min Quick Read the Results – 10min Quick read the Conclusions – 9min DECIDE : Should I read the whole paper ?? Highlight as you read !! (annotation)

77. Research Paper-Effective Communication Responsibility- Scientific community, Society right for all to access that information and does not remain a privilege of a few Recognition by your peers-fame Returns-Promotions, Grant applications, Research funding

78. Every  student  is required to conduct  research  in their academic careers at one point or another. A good  research  paper not only requires a great deal of time, but it also requires complex  skills .  Research skills  include the ability to organize, evaluate, locate, and extract relevant information.

79. Annotation An annotation is a note, comment, or  concise  statement of the key ideas in a  text  or a portion of a text and is commonly used in reading instruction and in  research . When conducting research, the process of annotation is almost essential to retaining the knowledge necessary to understand a text's key points and features and can be achieved through a number of means.

80. Good readers know that it is nearly impossible to comprehend and retain larger amounts of text without staying very active in the reading process. Whether reading paper-based text or digital text, one of the most effective ways to read actively is through annotation , which means marking and taking notes in a text in some way . What is annotation?

81. There are two simple and important reasons that good readers annotate text: Annotating helps readers comprehend and process text in the moment. Annotating helps readers retain and remember information later. Why should I annotate?

82. Why should I annotate? to indicate the author's most important points to indicate supporting points like examples, reasons, statistics, etc. to draw connections between ideas to mark important definitions and terminology to indicate steps in a process to help review and remember info when preparing for class discussions & tests

83. Interactive Activities for Teachers Group Discussions Encourage students to discuss key concepts, analyze research findings, and share their interpretations in small groups. This promotes collaborative learning and active engagement. Case Studies Present real-world case studies that highlight the applications of scientific research. This helps students see the relevance of scientific literature to real-world problems. Research Projects Assign research projects that require students to locate, analyze, and synthesize information from scientific literature. This provides hands-on experience and develops research skills.

84. Search engines 1. Google Scholar 2. Microsoft Academic 3. BASE 4. CORE 5. Science.gov 6. Semantic Scholar 7. Baidu Scholar Research databases Scopus Web of Science PubMed ERIC IEEE Xplore Science Direct . ... Directory of Open Access Journals  ( DOAJ ) JSTOR Books Pharmacopeia’s Encyclopaedia's APHA Methods Guide Key Books: Bergey’s Manual, MERCK Index

85. References: www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk https://youtu.be/EEuul8hBip8 How to Read a Paper? S. Keshav David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada [email protected] How to critically appraise an article? Jane M Young & Michael J Solomon, Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology  volume 6, pages 82–91(2009)

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