How to write an effective research paper

Covers everything from understanding what a research paper is, to exploring the various types of research papers. Learn how to choose a compelling topic and write an engaging manuscript that not only presents innovative ideas but also reaches a broad audience. Additionally, get insights on publishing your paper in the right journal or conference, all in a concise and clear manner.

1. REFINING THE PATH TO EXEMPLARY PUBLISHING 1 S.R. VIDHYAMBIKA Vidhyambika

2. WHAT IS PAPER/JOURNAL PUBLICATION? 2 A paper publication is a written document that has been printed on paper and is available for distribution or sale. Vidhyambika BENEFITS Knowledge Expansion Establishing expertise Professional recognition Opportunities for collaboration Impact on society Policy Formulation Credibility and trust Inspiration for future research Contribution to the relevant field

3. TYPES OF PAPERS 3 Review Paper Basics to Latest along with future scope and outcomes Research Paper (Outcome of a Project) Stages adopted (methodology) in completing project Vidhyambika

4. TYPES OF RESEARCH PRESENTATION / PUBLICATION 4 Symposium International Conference International Journal published from India / outside India /virtual (Scopus, SCI, Web of Science indexed) Books Patents Vidhyambika

5. STRUCTURE OF ANY PRESENTATION / PUBLICATION 5 Introduction Literature review / study / survey. Methodology Results and discussions //not in review Conclusions References Acknowledgement (Optional) Abstract Vidhyambika

6. H OW TO CHOOSE A RESEARCH TOPIC Interests you the most Novelty Manageable Availability of data/resources Dig deeper into the topic Problems in current scenario Gaps in existing research Arrive at research problem 6 Vidhyambika

7. TITLE AND AFFILIATION Clarity, Conciseness and accurate. Precision in Topic Communication Optimize the title for discoverability by incorporating 1-2 relevant keywords. Place keywords within the initial 65 characters for improved search visibility. Cross-Disciplinary Accessibility to increase your citations Eliminating Abbreviations and Numbers Affiliation's Introduction to the Global Community 7 Vidhyambika

8. LITERATURE REVIEW It should not just a descriptive summary of the topic. Good review tells a story. Should have logical structure with a beginning, middle, and end. Appropriate headings and sequencing of ideas to make the content flow and guide readers seamlessly from start to finish. Divide the review into sections of a suitable length to allow key points to be identified more easily. If required, create charts, graphs, or other visuals that synthesize information effectively 8 Conduct a Preliminary Search Use Keywords and Boolean Operators Review Search Results Filter by Date and Relevance Vidhyambika

9. Vidhyambika 9

10. Vidhyambika 10

11. Vidhyambika 11

12. USES OF LITERATURE REVIEW 12 Establish the foundation about a particular domain To avoid duplication of work To provide credit to other researchers Identification of research gap A ligning with latest techniques Methodology to be adopted Specific procedure to be implemented Validation Vidhyambika

13. Appropriate keywords I EEE Springer Elsevier Wiley Google Scholar (Year can be given) Research Gate Microsoft Academic Web of Science ACM Scopus, etc Vidhyambika 13 WHERE TO FIND LITERATURE PAPERS?

14. USING KEYWORDS APPROPRIATELY TO FIND LITERATURES Vidhyambika 14 Dr. B. N. Sreeharan, [email protected] – Exact Phrase : Exclude words Similar words Either word. E.g. un supervised OR clustering gives definition results from specific domain results with only pdf Use of appropriate keyword “ ” - ~ OR Define Site Filetype Title Google Lens Use key words used in literatures you referred

15. INTRODUCTION 15 Overview of the topic and give some context Should be broad enough to reach out to a large audience of non- specialists Should have an Opening Statement Purpose of Research Not to too long Scope and Limitations Transitional Sentence Vidhyambika

16. Transitional Sentence A transition is a change from one idea to another idea in writing or speaking and can be achieved using transition terms or phrases. These transitions are usually placed at the beginning of sentences, independent clauses, and paragraphs and thus establish a specific relationship between ideas or groups of ideas. Transitions are used to enhance cohesion in your paper and make its logical development clearer to readers. When you start a new paragraph, the first sentence should clearly express:
What this paragraph will discuss
How it relates to the previous paragraph Vidhyambika 16

17. METHODOLOGY Clearly outline the chosen research design Specify participant criteria succinctly. Provide concise details on sample size and sampling techniques Data collection methods Explain method alignment with research goals and contribution to data validity If applicable, describe the tools, instruments, or equipment used to collect data. Highlight the reliability and validity of the instruments employed Summarize procedures in a step-by-step format Specify consent and ensure participant confidentiality and privacy (if applicable) Data Presentation Triangulation (if applicable) Potential Limitations Summarize key methodology aspects, reinforcing alignment with research objectives Vidhyambika 17

18. Triangulation Vidhyambika 18 Triangulation in research  means using multiple datasets, methods, theories, and/or investigators to address a  research question

19. Types of Triangulation Data triangulation: Data triangulation is the process of checking data by comparing results obtained from multiple sources. Eg:To understand sleep patterns in college students, you compile data from 15 universities in California. Using data triangulation, you also obtain data from 15 universities in Texas, and 15 universities in New York. By gathering data from three locations, you gain a deeper understanding of how sleep patterns vary among college students across the country. Theory Triangulation Theory triangulation involves using multiple theoretical models to study a particular phenomenon or issue . Vidhyambika 19

20. Types of Triangulation ( Contd ) Eg : A researcher uses two different psychological theories to explain the same phenomenon, such as competitive and cooperative behavior in dogs. While one theory predicts that dogs may compete against their owners for desirable food, the other theory predicts that dogs may cooperate with their owners when they’re competing for desirable food. By comparing these two theories, the researcher strengthens both theories and removes any gaps between them that may prevent a complete explanation of the phenomenon. Methodological triangulation: Researcher combines qualitative and quantitative methods when using methodological triangulation . Vidhyambika 20

21. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Summary of the key findings Comparison to Hypotheses/Expectations Interpretation of Results Relation to Previous Research Limitations of the Study Vidhyambika 21

22. CONCLUSION 22 Summarize the important aspects of your wor k Interpretation of Findings Outline areas for future study This can include making suggestions for future research on the topic Vidhyambika

23. REFERENCES 23 Report all the papers cited in the paper The format for references section differs w. r. to each journal (APA, IEEE, Harvard, etc ) Double-check references for accuracy, including verifying author names, publication dates, titles, and other details Consequences of improper referencing: Academic penalties and Damage to reputation Use softwares like Mendeley Vidhyambika

24. ABSTRACT AND KEY WORDS Should be clear, concise and to the point . Give a clear picture/idea of your work Interest them to read the complete paper This will help maximiz e the visibility of your paper online. Should have the primary objective of the review, the reason behind the choice of selecting the topic, the main outcomes and results of the review, and the conclusions that might be drawn, including their implications for further research, application, or practice Key words helps to make your paper to reach others. 24 Vidhyambika

25. Where to publish papers? 25 Journal Finder – CiteScore – 3 years, Impact Factor – 2 years Vidhyambika

26. REVEALING THE SECRETS 26 More number of relevant papers to be cited Tables and figures Plagiarism (3- word, 5- word) – Paraphrase, Rephrase, Article spinning. Write in own words (max avoided) Novel idea (Originality, Uniqueness); Application specific; suitable for industry; immediately implemented Length of paper (Min – 6 pages, Optimum – 8 pages – Max – 12 pages not to exceed 16 pages) No. of References – Min. 15 – Max…. 30 paper; For review paper Min: 50 papers – Max 100 papers. Min 15 days to prepare (2 hours / day) Rejection with comments are welcomed Secondary data from reputed journals can be used to start with Sci- hub Mendeley Keyword search in google Vidhyambika

27. THANK YOU ! 27 “Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought” - Alber Szent Gyorgyi Vidhyambika