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Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, and its composition can vary significantly depending on the location where it is found. This presentation will explore the key characteristics of crude oil from some of the world's major producers, including Russia, the Arab countries, North America, Europe (North Sea), India (Assam), and Venezuela. Understanding these variations is crucial for refining processes and determining the economic value of the oil.

1. PS-1 Presentation Chougoni Tharun 2022A1PS1310G email : [email protected],.ac.in ph : [phone]

2. Historical Background Early Discovery and Establishment Discovery : Oil was discovered at Digboi by Italian engineers commissioned by the Assam Railways and Trading Company while constructing a railway line from Dibrugarh to Margherita. First Well : The first commercially viable oil well, known as Well No. 1, was drilled in September 1889. Refinery Commissioning : The first modern refinery in India was built and commissioned in December 1901, with the first batch of kerosene dispatched in January 1902. Development and Nationalization Formation of Assam Oil Company (AOC) : Established in 1899 to manage oil exploration and production. Nationalization : In 1981, Digboi Refinery was nationalized and became the 5th refinery of Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL). Current Capacity : The refinery has a capacity of 0.65 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA).

3. General Information Digboi refinery is the smallest, with a capacity of 0.65 MMPTA

4. Historical Significance : Over 100-year-old oilfield and an oil refinery operating for 122 years, making it the oldest and smallest operating refinery among all Indian Oil refineries and the oldest in the world. Product Excellence : Processes indigenous Assam Crude to produce distillates, heavy ends, and high-quality wax, known for its global excellence. Innovation : First refinery to use the indigenously developed INDICAT Prime HDT catalyst for producing BS-VI HSD. General Information Unique Features: The fuel sector has four major units Atmospheric vacuum unit(AVU) Delayed coking unit (DCU) MSQU Catalytic reforming unit (CRU)

5. Atmospheric Vacuum Unit (AVU) - Overview Feed and Description Feed : Crude oil Purpose : The Crude and Vacuum Distillation Unit is designed to process 0.65 MMTPA, primarily utilising Duliajan crude mixed with 10-15% HOEC condensate.

6. AVU - Process Description Desalter : Removes salts from the feed preheated with heat exchangers. CDU: Feed is heated in a furnace and sent to the CDU column where lighter components such as light kero , heavy kero , LGO, HGO and Naptha are separated from the bottom product Reduced Crude Oil (RCO). VDU: RCO is heated again in the VDU furnace and sent to the VDU column; the vacuum is created with a steam jet ejector (using overhead gas in the column). Here, lighter components HSD, PWD, and HWD are separated, and the bottom left is called vacuum residue(VR), which is feed for DCU. Products CDU Products (Normal Case) : Overhead vapours , light kerosene, heavy kerosene, light gas oil, heavy gas oil, reduced crude oil. CDU Products (Special Cases) : MTO, ATF, and solar oil as specified. VDU Products : High-speed diesel, pressable waxy distillate, heavy waxy distillate, vacuum residue

7. AVU and DCU - Integration and Efficiency Integration . The AVU and DCU units are integrated to maximise efficiency in processing crude oil and heavy residues. The AVU pre-processes the crude oil, which is then further refined in the DCU to produce valuable lighter products Efficiency Measures Energy Recovery : Preheating the crude oil using high-temperature products from further units. Product Optimization : Operating in different modes to produce specific products based on market demand and refinery requirements.

8. Delayed Coking Unit (DCU) - Overview Feed and Capacity Feed : Vacuum residue(45%) and foots oil(55%). Capacity : 170,000 metric tonnes per annum (MTPA). Purpose and Products Purpose : Processes heavy residual feedstocks at high temperatures to produce lighter products. Products : Fuel gas, LPG, naphtha, kerosene, light diesel oil, clarified fuel oil, coker residue, and coke.

9. CATALYTIC REFORMING UNIT (CRU) - overview Feed: Special cut Naptha (from MSQ) and GRN (Guwahati refinery natha ) Products: Light Naptha Stabilized Reformate or Gasoline Hydrogen rich gas LPG rich off gas ex stabilizer

10. MOTOR SPIRIT QUALITY UPGRADATION (MSQU) The purpose of MSQU is to improve the research and motor octane number of the light naphtha feed (predominantly C5/C6) before blending into the gasoline pool. The light naphtha fraction is typically high in normal isomer content resulting in a low octane number (typically <68). The isomerization process converts an equilibrium proportion of these low-octane normal isomers into their higher-octane branched isomers.

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