Hukmus Sharrai - 02.pdf

Hukm Shari

1. HukmShari (يعرشلا مكحلا)
(Law or Value of Shariah)
Mr. Iqbal Saujan
Temp. Assist. Lecturer
Islamic Law & Legislation
Dept. of. Islamic Studies
[email protected]

2. Introduction
Usulal-Fiqh: Principles of Jurisprudence1
✿.Discussinghukmshari,raisesthequestionthat,whatisIslamiclaw?Theresponsedealswith
Islamiclawasasystemaswellasindividualrules.
✿.Thestudyofhukmsharitellsusallrulesmaynotcreateanobligationandsomerulesareto
facilitatetheoperationofotherrules.
✿Meaning
TheArabicwordhukminitsliteralsensemeansa“ban(عنملا)”,‘command(رمأ)’,andinits
technicalsensemeansa‘rule(مكح)’,sothelegalruleiscalledhukmshari.
✿Definition:
Thescholarsofusuldefinehukmshari;
“AsalocutionorcommunicationfromtheLawgiver(عراشلا)concerningtheconducts(لاعفأ)of
themukallaf(personinfullpossessionofhisfaculties)whichconsistsofademand(ءاضتقلاا),an
option(رييختلا)oranenactment”
Oritmayalsobedefinedas;
“AcommunicationfromAllahAlmightyrelatedtotheactsofthesubjects(mukallaf)througha
demandoroptionoradeclaration”.

3. Elements of HukmShari
Usulal-Fiqh: Principles of Jurisprudence2
✿HukmshariinitsliteralsenseconveysthemeaningofaruleofIslamiclaw.Theelementsofit
are;
i.TheHakim(Lawgiver),whichisAlmightyAllah.
ii.TheMahkumfihortheactonwhichhukamoperates.
iii.TheMahkumalayorthesubject(legalperson)forwhoseconductthehukmis
stipulated.
✿Briefexplanation
•Ademand(ءاضتقلاا),isusuallycommunicatedintheformofeitheracommand(رمأ)ora
prohibition(ىهن).
•Whenademandtodoornottodosomethingisestablishedbydefinitiveproof(ليلدعطاق),
itisreferredtoaswajib(بجاو)orharam(مارح).
•ButaccordingtotheHanafijuristsifthedemandisnotdefinitiveinitsmeaning
(dalalah)orauthenticity(thubut),itiswajib,butifitisdefinitiveinbothrespects,itis
fard.

4. Ccontinues…
Usulal-Fiqh: Principles of Jurisprudence3
✿Andforthedemandtoavoiddoingsomething,theHanafismaintainthatifitisbasedon
definitiveproofandauthenticity,itisharam,otherwiseitismakruhtahrimi.
✿Andwhenademandleavestheindividualwithanelementofchoiceitisknownasmandub
(recommended).
✿Andiftheoptionisavailablewhichleavestheindividualatlibertyeithertodoortoavoid
doingsomething,itiscalledasmubah(permissible).
✿Andanenactmentisneitherademandnoranoption,butanobjectiveexpositionofthelaw
whichmaybeconveyedintheformofahindrance(mani)

5. Examples of hukmShari in Quran and Hadith
Usulal-Fiqh: Principles of Jurisprudence4
✿Someexamples,theQur'aniccommandare
“`Fulfill your contracts' (al-Ma'idah, 5:1)”
ِدْوُقُعْلاِب اْوُفْوَا ا
ٰۤ
ْوُنَمٰا َنْيِذ�لا اَه�يَاـ
ٰۤ
ٰي
Foraprohibition;
“O you believers, let not some people ridicule others, for it is possible that the latter are
better than the former' (al-Hujurat, 49:11)”
ْمُهْنِ م اًرْيَخ اْوُنْوُك�ي ْنَا ىٰٰٓسَع ٍمْوَق ْنِ م ٌمْوَق ْرَخْسَي َلا اْوُنَمٰا َنْيِذ�لا اَه�يَا
ٰۤ
ٰي...
For an option;
`If you fear that they [i.e. the spouses] would be unable to observe the limits set by
God, then there would be no sin on them if she gives a consideration for her
freedom.' sura al-Baqarah (2:229)

6. Continue….
Usulal-Fiqh: Principles of Jurisprudence4
✿InAhadith’s;
ThefollowingHadithalsoconveysahukminwhichtheindividualisgivenachoice.TheHadithreads;
“If any of you sees something evil, he should set it right by his hand; If he is unable to do so,
then by his tongue; and if he is unable to do even that, then within his heart-but this is the
weakest form of faith.”
Toillustrateahukmwhichconsistsofanenactment(wad')theHadithiswhichprovidesthat
“The murderer will not inherit” (Jami’ al-Tirmidhi: 2109)

7. Types of HukmShari
Usulal-Fiqh: Principles of Jurisprudence3
✿.Hukmshar'iisdividedintothetwomainvarietiesofal-hukmal-taklifi
(defininglaw)andal-hukmalwad'I(declaratorylaw)
1.Hukm-taklifi(defininglaw)consistsofademandoranoption,which
mainlydefinestheextentofman'slibertyofaction.
2.Andhukm-wadi(declaratorylaw)consistsofanenactmentonly,
mainlydeclaresthelegalrelationshipbetweenthecause(sabab)andits
effect(musabbab)orbetweenthecondition(shart)anditsobject
(mashrut).

8. Defining Law (al-hukmal-Taklifi)
Usulal-Fiqh: Principles of Jurisprudence3
✿DefininglawisalocutionorcommunicationfromtheLawgiveraddressedto
themukallafwhichconsistsofademandorofanoption;itoccursinthefive
varieties;
1.wajib,
2.mandub,
3.Haram
4.makruhand
5.mubah

9. 01. The Obligatory (Wajib, Fard)
Usulal-Fiqh: Principles of Jurisprudence3
✿.Amongthemajorityofulema,wajibandfardaresynonymousandconveya
demandinrespectofdoingsomethingandomittingitleadstopunishment.
ButHanafishavedrawnadistinctionbetweenwajibandfard.
✿.Fard,whenthecommandtodoisaclearanddefinitiveintexte.g.Salahand
hajj,andwajibisifcommandtodosomethingisinaspeculativeauthoritye.g.
AhadHadith.ForexamplerecitingSurahFatehainSalah.
✿.AMuslimisboundtodoactsinboth,thedifferenceasperHanafi’sisthat
whorefusestobelieveinbindingnatureofFarzbecomesunbelieverandwho
refusesincaseofWajidbecomestransgressor.ButasperImamGazaliand
Shafi’s,thereisnodifferencebetweenthesetwo.

10. 01. The Obligatory (Wajib, Fard)
Usulal-Fiqh: Principles of Jurisprudence3
✿.Forthemajorityofulema,wajibandfardaresynonymousandconveya
demandinrespectofdoingsomethingandomittingitleadstopunishment.
ButHanafishavedrawnadistinctionbetweenwajibandfard.
✿Fard,whenthecommandtodoisaclearanddefinitiveintexte.g.Salahand
hajj,andwajibisifcommandtodosomethingisinaspeculativeauthoritye.g.
AhadHadith.ForexamplerecitingSurahFatehainSalah.
✿AMuslimisboundtodoactsinboth,thedifferenceasperHanafi’sisthatwho
refusestobelieveinbindingnatureofFarzbecomesunbelieverandwho
refusesincaseofWajidbecomestransgressor.ButasperImamGazaliand
Shafi’s,thereisnodifferencebetweenthesetwo.

11. Kinds of Wajib
Usulal-Fiqh: Principles of Jurisprudence3
✿.Wajibissub-dividedintoatleastthreevarieties.
i.Wajib('ayni)collective(kafa’i)

12. Usulal-Fiqh: Principles of Jurisprudence5
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