Human anatomy and physiology 1 unit 1 Connective Tissue.pptx

Connective tissue is a type of body tissue that supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs. It includes various cell types embedded in an extracellular matrix of fibers and ground substance. Examples include bone, cartilage, blood, and adipose tissue, each serving unique structural or functional roles.

1. Connective Tissue Ms.N.S.Kamble

2. Introduction Connective tissue is a tissue in the body that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs. It's made up of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance. Connective tissue also stores fat, helps move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs, and helps repair damaged tissue. Most types of connective tissue have a good blood supply . Major functions of connective tissue are: binding and structural support Protection Transport Insulation.

3. Cells in connective tissue Connective tissue, excluding blood is found in all organs supporting the specialized tissue. The different types of cell involved include: fibroblasts, fat cells, macrophages, leukocytes and mast cells. Fibroblasts - Fibroblasts are large cells with irregular processes. They manufacture collagen and elastic fibers and a matrix of extracellular material. Fibroblasts secrete collagen proteins that help maintain the structural framework of tissues.  Collagen fibers are thread-like structures that provide strength and support to the body's tissues. They are the main component of connective tissues, such as tendons, ligaments, and skin. Elastic fibers are components of connective tissues that give organs and tissues their elasticity and resilience. They are found in the skin, lungs, blood vessels, ligaments, and tendons.

4. Functions of fibroblast- Fibroblasts generate mechanical force. Fibroblasts secrete signaling factors for surrounding cells. Fibroblasts create new tissue during tissue repair and organ morphogenesis.  They can transform their phenotype and synthesize building blocks to replace damaged tissue. Play major role in wound healing.

5. F at cells fat cells, also known as adipocytes, are a component of connective tissue. Adipose tissue, or body fat, is a loose connective tissue that stores energy, insulates the body, and cushions internal organs.  There are three types of adipocytes: white, brown, and beige . White adipocytes are the most common type in the human body. Brown adipocytes are more metabolically active and contain multiple lipid droplets. Adipose tissue is found throughout the body, including under the skin (subcutaneous fat), between organs (visceral fat), and in bone marrow

6. Macrophages A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells . Enlarge. Blood cells. Macrophages can be found in areolar tissue, or loose connective tissue, and also in lymphatic tissues, which contain aggregates of immune cells. The M1 type , referred to as classically-activated macrophages, are activated by pathogen invasion and play a large role in the  immune response  to foreign pathogens such as bacteria. The M2 type , referred to as alternatively-activated macrophages, play a role in  wound healing  and tissue repair, and have an  anti-inflammatory  role. 

7. Mast cells A type of white blood cell that is found in connective tissues all through the body, especially under the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, in nerves, and in the lungs and intestines . Mast cells are cells of connective tissue secrete histamine . It increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues.

8. Classification Connective Tissue A . Loose connective Tissue Areolar tissue Adipose tissue Reticular tissue B . Dense connective Tissue Dense regular tissue Dense irregular tissue Elastic connective tissue C . Cartilage Tissue Hyaline Cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic fibrocartilage D . Bones (Muscle tissue) Skeletal muscle tissue Smooth (visceral tissue) Cardiac muscle tissue E . Blood RBC WBC

9. Loose connective Tissue It is found in almost every part of the body. Providing elasticity and tensile strength.

10. Areolar tissue The most common type of loose connective tissue  Found throughout the body, especially under the skin Fills spaces between muscle fibers, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, and supports organs Acts as a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissues. Almost all cells obtain nutrients from and release wastes into areolar tissue

11. Adipose Tissue Adipose tissue, also known as fat , is a connective tissue that stores energy, insulates the body, and protects organs. It's also an endocrine organ that secretes hormones and regulates many aspects of the body.  ( Leptin, Adiponectin). Types of Adipose Tissue: White adipose tissue Brown adipose tissue White adipose tissue White adipose tissue (WAT) is the most common type of fat in the human body. It stores energy as fat, insulates the body, and cushions organs. WAT also helps regulate metabolism, hunger, and inflammation. it’s found in subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, and bone marrow fat

12. Brown adipose tissue- Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a type of fat that helps regulate body temperature and burn calories. It's also known as brown fat.  BAT is found in large amounts around the shoulders, kidneys, and pancreas. It helps protect newborns from hypothermia.  BAT is found in smaller amounts in the neck, collarbone, kidneys, and spinal cord. Lean people and women tend to have more BAT than overweight people and men. 

13. Reticular tissue Reticular tissue is  a type of connective tissue that provides a framework for cells and small channels in organs and tissues. It's made up of reticular fibers, which are a type of collagen fibrils. Reticular tissue is found in many organs, including the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes.  Reticular tissue has a much higher number of fibers. Much thinner than collagen fibers with diameter of 0.5-2 µm . a lso called Argyrophilic Fibers .

14. Dense connective Tissue Dense connective tissue  supports, protects, and holds bones, muscles, and other tissues and organs in place . Ligaments, tendons, the inner layer of the skin, and the sclera (the white outer layer of the eye) are all types of dense connective tissue. Also called  fibrous connective tissue .

15. Dense regular tissue Dense regular connective tissue (DRCT) is a strong and flexible tissue that connects and supports other tissues and organs in the body.  It's made up of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and a jelly-like ground substance.  DRCT is divided into white fibrous connective tissue and yellow fibrous connective tissue , both of which occur in two forms: cord arrangement and sheath arrangement. Dense regular connective tissue has great tensile strength that resists pulling forces especially well in one direction. DRCT has a very poor blood supply, which is why damaged tendons and ligaments are slow to heal.

16. Dense irregular tissue Dense irregular connective tissue is a type of tissue that provides strength and stability to the body. It's made up of collagen fibers that are arranged in an irregular, 3D web. This arrangement gives the tissue strength in all directions. The dermis layer of the skin is made of dense irregular connective tissue. It anchors the epidermis while allowing the skin to move slightly.  The submucosa layer of hollow organs is made of dense irregular connective tissue.  The fibrous joint capsules of movable joints are made of dense irregular connective tissue. 

17. Elastic connective tissue Elastic connective tissue's elastin fibers give it elasticity, allowing it to return to its original shape after stretching. Elastic connective tissue provides tensile strength and resistance to stretching. Elastic connective tissue is found in the walls of large arteries .  Elastic connective tissue provides elasticity to Lungs and heart.  Elastic connective tissue is found in tendons. 

18. Cartilage Tissue Cartilage is a flexible, elastic connective tissue that protects joints and bones, and provides structure to parts of the body. It's made of chondrocytes, collagen, and proteoglycans.

19. Hyaline cartilage Hyaline cartilage is a smooth, semi-transparent tissue that is the most common type of cartilage in the body. It is found in the nose, trachea, ribs, and joints. Hyaline cartilage is made up of chondrocytes, which are cartilage cells, and a matrix of collagen, proteoglycans, and water  As cartilage does not have  lymph glands  or blood vessels, the movements of solutes, including nutrients, occur via  diffusion  within the  fluid compartments  contiguous with adjacent tissues.

20. Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage is a tough, transitional tissue that's made of thick collagen fibers and chondrocytes.  It's found in the knee, spine, and other parts of the body. Fibrocartilage helps absorb shock and reduce stress on tendons.  Fibrocartilage protects tendons from rupture. Fibrocartilage helps stabilize joints, especially those that bear weight. 

21. Elastic fibrocartilage Elastic fibrocartilage, also known as yellow fibrocartilage , is a type of cartilage that contains both elastic and collagen fibers.  It provides strength and flexibility to parts of the body that need to move and bend, such as the ears.  They are found in Ear,larynx & Epiglottis.