Human Beings: Consequence development

MPA 213 Human Beings as the Cause and Consequence of Development

1. Rural Development: Human Beings as the Cause and Consequence of Development 01 03 02 04 Definition Problem in Rural Development PEOPLE RELATED PROBLEMS Basic Elements of Rural Development The Nature of Rural Problems Rural Area Objectives of Rural Development What is Development? Importance of Rural Development Growth vs Development  International Trends Agricultural Development The Concept of Development Rostow's 5 Stages of Growth

2. Rural Area Where the people are engaged in primary industry in the sense that they produce things  directly for the first time in cooperation with nature.

3. What is a rural area? 01 -A rural area is a geographic area that is located outside cities and towns. -Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements -Agricultural areas are commonly rural, though so are others such as forests

4. What is Deve lopment? A process of continues rise in the capability of the people to control their present and future well being. Therefore, development as a process involves both economic growth and social development . Basic Elements of Rural Development 1. Basic Necessities in Life - food, shelter, clothes, basic literacy, primary health care and security of life and property. 2. Self-respect- Every person seeks some sort of self respect, dignity, or honor. Absence or denial of self respect indicates lack of development 3. Freedom- freedom from political, ideological freedom, economic freedom, and freedom from social servitude.

5. The Nature of Rural Problems - Low Income - Unemployment - Low quality of social services like education and healthcare - Their remoteness from major urban center

6. " Rural Development is a process of change, by which the efforts of the people themselves are united, those of government authorities to improve their economic, social and cultural conditions of communities into the life of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national program" The United Nations define Rural Development as:

7. Rural Community defined as A group of people with a common characteristic or interest living together, in a village. A "Rural Community" can be classified as rural based on the criteria of lower population density, less social differentiation , less social and spatial mobility, slow rate of social change, etc . Agriculture is the major occupation of rural people.

8. Rural Development is all about bringing change among rural community from the traditional way of living to progressive way of living. It is also expressed as a movement for progress. Objectives of Rural Development 1. To develop farm, home, public service and village community. 2. To bring improvement in producing of crops and animals living condition . 3. To improve health and education condition etc. improvement of the rural people. 4. To improve villagers with their own efforts. 5. To improve village communication.

9. 1. People related 2. Agricultural related problems 3. Infrastructure related problems 4. Economic problems 5. Social and Cultural problems 6. Leadership related problems 7. Administrative problems PROBLEM IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

10. PEOPLE RELATED PROBLEMS 1. Traditional way of thinking 2. Poor understanding 3. Low level of education to understand developmental efforts and new technology. 4. Deprived psychology and scientific orientation. 5. Lack of confidence 6. Poor awareness 7. Low level of education 8. Existence of unfelt needs 9. Personal ego

11. Importance of Rural Development Rural development is a dynamic process, which is mainly concerned with the rural area these include agricultural growth, putting up of economic and social infrastructure, fair wages as also housing and house sites for the landless, village planning, public health , education and functional literacy, communication etc.

12. Growth vs. Development 04 Economic growth is an essential component of development, it must encompass more than the material and financial sides of people's lives. It is a multidimensional process involving the reorganization and reorientation of both economic and social systems; improvements in the level of distribution of incomes and output; involves radical changes in institutional , social and administrative structures; and although development is usually defined in a national context, its widespread realization may necessitate fundamental modifications of the international economic,  social and political systems as well

13. International Trends Many assistance organizations emphasize poverty reduction as an important international assistance goal. The number of organizations which focus on rural development as way to reduce poverty has grown with the realization that most impoverished groups live in rural areas.

14.   The 2020 Agenda for Sustainable Goals adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests. The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, including the  UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs

15. Eradicating extreme poverty Poverty has many dimensions, but its causes include unemployment, social exclusion, and high vulnerability of certain populations to disasters, diseases and other phenomena which prevent them from being productive . A pivotal goal of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Extreme poverty, defined as surviving on less than $2.15 per person per day at 2017 purchasing power parity, has witnessed remarkable declines over recent decades. If current patterns persist, an estimated 7% of the global population – around 575 million people – could still find themselves trapped in extreme poverty by 2030, with a significant concentration in sub-Saharan Africa . A shocking revelation is the resurgence of hunger levels to those last observed in 2005. Equally concerning is the persistent increase in food prices across a larger number of countries compared to the period from 2015 to 2019. This dual challenge of poverty and food security poses a critical global concern. Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere - United Nations Sustainable Development

16. . There are many reasons, but in short, because as human beings, our well- being is linked to each other. Growing inequality is detrimental to economic growth and undermines social cohesion, increasing political and social tensions and, in some circumstances, driving instability and conflicts . Why is social protection so important ? Strong social protection systems are essential for mitigating the effects and preventing many people from falling into poverty. 55 per cent of the world’s population – about 4 billion people – are entirely unprotected . In response to the cost-of-living crisis, 105 countries and territories announced almost 350 social protection measures between February 2022 and February 2023. Yet 80 per cent of these were short-term in nature, and to achieve the Goals, countries will need to implement nationally appropriate universal and sustainable social protection systems for all. Why should I care about other people’s economic situation? Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere - United Nations Sustainable Development

17. What can I do about it? Your active engagement in policymaking can make a difference in addressing poverty. It ensures that your rights are promoted and that your voice is heard, that inter-generational knowledge is shared, and that innovation and critical thinking are encouraged at all ages to support transformational change in people’s lives and communities . Governments can help create an enabling environment to generate pro- productive employment and job opportunities for the poor and the marginalized . The private sector has a major role to play in determining whether the growth it creates is inclusive and contributes to poverty reduction. It can promote economic opportunities for the poor . The contribution of science to end poverty has been significant. For example, it has enabled access to safe drinking water, reduced deaths caused by water-borne diseases, and improved hygiene to reduce health risks related to unsafe drinking water and lack of sanitation.

18. Japan’s Assistance in Rural Development In the past, Japanese assistance focused not on rural development but on agricultural development and the improvement of agricultural productivity. Therefore, approaches centering on technical transfers such as construction of irrigation facilities and introduction of farming techniques were utilized. However, the agricultural approach alone was insufficient. As a result, multisectoral activities increased. This included non-agricultural income generation , capacity building for farmers, health and hygiene, infrastructure, education, environment, and capacity building. International trends in comprehensive efforts also contributed to this change. In Japan, the ODA Charter of 1992 states that poverty in developing countries should not be overlooked for humanitarian reasons. Also, in its Medium-term Policy on ODA in 1999, the Japanese government demonstrated its intention by implementing ODA under the Charter, keeping the objectives of the new 1996 DAC strategy in mind. This policy emphasizes the importance of economic growth and the fair distribution of its benefits and assistance for the poor. In addition, the Japanese government emphasizes the importance of basic education, health care, support for women in developing countries, safe water supply, and the improvement of regional differences through assistance to poor rural areas.

19. 1. Traditional Society This society signifies a primitive society having no access to modern science and technology. It is a society based on primitive attitude towards the physical World. Thus, Rostow defines a traditional society "as whose structure is developed within the limited production function. However, Rostow does not view this traditional society as being completely static. The Concept of Development Rostow ’s 5 Stages of Growth

20. 2. Take-off Stage of Economic Growth The characteristics of takeoff is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the stage of pre-condition to takeoff. However, since the pre condones for the takeoff have been met in the transition stage, take off is a short stage of development that takes nearly two decades. Development become self-sustaining and investment must rise exceeding 10 percent of national income so as to increase per capita income and level of investment. According to historical records, domestic finance for takeoff has fulfilled through two main sources i.e. agricultural taxes, rents (Meiji reforms, Japan, and voluntary investment by land lords. According to Rostow there are three main requirements for take-off:1.

21. Cont. Take-off Stage of Economic Growth At the take off stage, the economy will transform as follows: Urbanization increases, Industrialization proceeds, Technological breakthrough occurs The "secondary" (goods-producing) sector expands and ratio of secondary vs . primary sectors in the economy shifts towards secondary Increase growth rates in industrial sector Changes in social and political institutions Decrease the capital output Ratio

22. 3. Pre-Conditions or the Preparatory Stage These conditions mainly comprise fundamental changes in the social, political and economic fields; for example : (a) A change in society's attitudes towards science, risk-taking and profit-earning (b) The adaptability of the labor force; (c) Political sovereignty; (d) Development of a centralized tax system and financial institutions and (e) The construction of certain economic and social infrastructure like railways , ports, power generation and educational institutions,

23. 4. Drive to Maturity Rostow defines it as the period when a society has effectively applied the range of modern technology to the bulk of its resources . " Now regularly growing economy drives to extend modern technology over the whole front of its economic activity. Some 10-20% of the national income is steadily invested , permitting output regularly to outstrip the increase in population. The make-up of the economy changes unceasingly as technique improves, new industries accelerate, and older industries level off. The economy finds its place in the international economy: goods formerly imported are produced at home; new import requirements develop, and new export commodities to match them. The leading sectors will in an economy be determined by the nature of resource endowments and not only by technology

24. 5. Stage of Mass Consumption In this stage The age of high mass consumption refers to the period of contemporary comfort afforded many western nations, wherein consumers concentrate on durable goods. Further, with progressive industrialization and urbanization of the economy values of people change in favor of more consumption of luxuries and high styles of living. These new industries producing durable consumer goods become the new leading sectors of economic growth .

25. RESOURCE PAGE https://www.slideshare.net/manishkumarsinha2/rural-development-ppt https://www.slideshare.net/jobitonio/rural-development-109551216 https://www.uky.edu/AS/Courses/GEO260/Powerpoint/Concept_of_Development.ppt https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/english/publications/reports/study/topical/spd/pdf/chapter4.pdf https://launion.gov.ph/la-union-bukas-portal/strategic-roadmap-2021/

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