Human Cloning and Ethical issues of Transgenic Animals.pptx

This section briefly explores human cloning, including two main types: reproductive cloning, which creates a genetically identical organism, and therapeutic cloning, used for medical research and tissue regeneration. It highlights somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) as a key cloning method and introduces induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS), which are lab-generated cells with regenerative potential. It also mentions GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee), the regulatory body for genetic research in India, and the Oncomouse, a genetically modified mouse used in cancer studies. Lastly, it touches on the ethical concerns surrounding the use of transgenic animals in research.

1. HUMAN CLONING AND ETHICAL ISSUES OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

2. HUMAN CLONING Human cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy (or clone) of a human.  It refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. The possibility of human cloning has raised controversies.  These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning.

3. REPRODUCTIVE CLONING  involve making an entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues Cloned embryo is transferred into the womb of a surrogate mother. THERAPUETIC CLONING It  involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants.  It is an active area of research. Two common methods of  cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and pluripotent stem cell induction.

4. SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER(SCNT) The nucleus of a somatic cell is taken from a donor and transplanted into a host egg cell, which had its own genetic material removed previously, making it an enucleated egg. This is the process that was used to successfully clone Dolly the sheep.

5. Induced pluripotent stem cells ( i ps ) Pluripotency refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm , mesoderm , or ectoderm.  A specific set of genes, often called "reprogramming factors", are introduced into a specific adult cell type. These factors send signals in the mature cell that cause the cell to become a pluripotent stem cell.

6. ETHICAL ISSUES​ The risks associated with reproductive cloning in humans introduce a very high likelihood of loss of life genetic engineering offers the potential to change the human genome. Many people fear that the possibility of generating "designer babies" may become reality in the future with desired traits and characteristics  Could allow for the cloning of a deceased individual  May violate values of individual freedom, identity, and autonomy Requires destruction of human embryos in a test tube Most theistic religions, strongly reject reproductive cloning because they consider life to be a ‘gift’ from God. Bringing into being a new human by cloning—as opposed to normal sexual reproduction—is considered to be an act against God’s creation or a usurpation of the Creator’s power.

7. UN DECLARATION In Article 11 of the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights adopted by UNESCO on 9 December 1998 which states that " practices that are contrary to human dignity such as reproductive cloning of human beings, shall not be permitted. ​"  The declaration called for countries " to prohibit all forms of human cloning since they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life." ​

8. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS Transgenic animals  are animals that have been cloned.  The medical and biotechnological uses of animal cloning are almost innumerable, as many diseases have been eradicated thanks to the production of these transgenic animals.  Due to the controversial concept of cloning and scientific testing on animals, there are many questions that revolve around this topic. Aim of genetic engineering is to increase the growth rate and yield of animals like cattle, pigs, and poultry.

9. Ethical issues Exploitation of biological world GMO's can have unpredictable results when introduced in to the ecosystem. Fear of transferring allergens from genetically modified food to sensitive humans ,thus potential harm to human health. The pose harmful effect on biodiversity and overall impact on the environment. They bring about changes in natural evolutionary pattern. Cruelty towards animals which causes great sufferings to them Excessive corporate dominance and the unnaturalness of technology.

10. In terms of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), the Indian Government has set up the  Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) . This organization makes decisions regarding the validity of research involving GMOs and addresses the safety of GMOs introduced for public use GEAC ONCOMOUSE It is the first animal to be painted in US  it is a transgenic mouse to which an oncogene has been added Some people argue that patenting animals itself unethical because it reduces them to the level of objects and others argue that experiments cause suffering and should therefore be banned.

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