Human development index(hdi).pptx

for study

1. Human development index ( hdi) PRESENTED BY RAVINDRA kumar YADAV

2. introduction B oth growth and development refer to changes over a period of time. Growth Q uantitative and value neutral change . P ositive or a negative sign. Development Q ualitative change which is always value positive . D evelopment occurs when positive growth takes place. F or example, if the population of a city grows from one lakh to two lakhs over a period of time, we say the city has grown. however, if facilities like housing, provision of basic services and other characteristics remain the same, then this growth has not been accompanied by development.

3. C ont … T he quality of life people enjoy in a country, the opportunities they have and freedoms they enjoy, are important aspects of development. T he concept of human development was introduced by Dr. M ahbub-ul-haq. D r. HAQ has described human development as development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives . A ccess to resources, health and education are the key areas in human development.

4. FOUR PILLARS OF HUMAN DEVELOPEMNT E quity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. S ustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. P roductivity here means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work. E mpowerment means to have the power to make choices.

5. WHAT IS HDI ? I t is a tool used to measure a country's overall achievement in its social and economic dimensions. D efinition:- The human development index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. T he human development index is a measure of economic development and economic welfare.

6. ORIGIN OF HDI D evised and launched by P akistani economist MAHBUB-UL- HAQ in 1990 . AMARTYA SEN and MAHBUB –UL- HAQ worked upon the capabilities and functioning which provided conceptual framework. P ublished by United N ations D evelopment P rogramme 

7. FACTORS CONSIDERED FOR HDI The human development index examines three important criteria of economic development Life expectancy Education Income levels Create an overall score between 0 and 1. 1 - indicates a high level of economic development. 0- a very low level.

8. MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT T he human development index (hdi) ranks the countries based on their performance in the key areas of health, education and access to resources. H ealth :- The indicator chosen to assess health is the life expectancy at birth. A higher life expectancy means that people have a greater chance of living longer and healthier lives.

9. C ont … Education :- T he adult literacy rate and the gross enrolment ratio represent access to knowledge . T he number of adults who are able to read and write and the number of children enrolled in schools show how easy or difficult it is to access knowledge in a particular country. A ccess to resources is measured in terms of purchasing power (in U.S. dollars).

10. INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS O ften smaller countries have done better than larger ones in human development . S imilarly, relatively poorer nations have been ranked higher than richer neighbours in terms of human development. F or example, S ri Lanka, T rinidad and T obago have a higher rank than I ndia in the human development index despite having smaller economies. S imilarly, within I ndia, K erala performs much better than P unjab and G ujarat in human development despite having lower per capita income.

11. C ont … Ranking base :- Globally countries are divided in the following four classes according to their score in human development index – LEVEL OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SCORE IN DEVELOPMENT INDEX NUMBER OF COUNTRIES VERY HIGH ABOVE 0.808 49 HIGH BETWEEN 0.700 UPTO 0.807 53 MEDIUM BETWEEN 0.556 UPTO 0.699 42 LOW BELOW 0.555 43

12. GLOBAL HDI RANKINGS- TOP TEN COUNTRIES

13. RANK COUNTRIES HDI 1 SWITZERLAND 0.962 2 NORRWAY 0.961 3 ICELAND 0.959 4 HONG KONG(CHINA) 0.952 5 AUSTRALIA 0.951 6 DENMARK 0.948 7 SWEDEN 0.947 8 IRELAND 0.945 9 GERMANY 0.942 10 NETHARLAND 0.941

14. LOWEST TEN COUNTRIES IN HDI

15. RANK COUNTRIES HDI 191 SOUTH SUDAN 0.385 190 CHAD 0.392 189 NIGER 0.400 188 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 0.404 187 BURUNDI 0.426 186 MALI 0.428 185 MOZAMBIQUE 0.446 184 BURKINA FASO 0.449 183 YEMEN 0.455 182 GUINEA 0.465

16. HDI ASPECTS OF INDIA India ranks ( 2021-2022) – 132 among 191 countries HDI – 0.633 Comes under medium human development countries. Indicators : - Life expectancy at birth(by UN). Overall – 67.2 years. Education index : 0.473 . Expected years of schooling : 11.9 years. GNI(Gross National Income)per capita at PPP : $6590.

17. HDI PROGRAMME IN INDIA U nique in it’s kind. P reparation of not only national report, but also sub-national human development reports (HDR). D ecentralized and integrated the human development concept into its development agenda at national, state, as well as district level . M ore HDRs have been produced in I ndia than the total number of global HDRs. P lan is made by the planning commission – U nited N ations D evelopment P rogramme (UNDP) partnership through the preparation of State H uman D evelopment R eports (SHDR) and District H uman D evelopment R eports (DHDR).

18. C ont … H uman Development P rogramme started in 8th five year plan(1992-1997). F irst state - M adhya P radesh. T he world’s first state HDR was published in M adhya P radesh in 1995 . C omputation of the state’s HDI as well as hdi for all the districts in the state made by state govt. S o far 21 states have prepared HDRS. S tate governments have initiated the work on district HDRs for 80 districts of which 23 HDRs have been released till date, 2 009 -the first city HDR ( M umbai) was launched.

19.   LIFE EXPECTANCY STATEWISE Top State Male Life expectancy(YEARS) Kerala 73.5 Delhi 73.5 Jammu and kashmir 72.8 Maharastra 71.9 Punjab 71.9 State with highest life expectancy

20. C ont … Top state Female highest life expectancy ( years) kerala 79.2 Jammu and kashmir 77.8 Delhi 77 Uttrakhand 76.9 Himanchal Pradesh 76.8

21. STATE WITH LOWEST LIFE EXPECTANCY STATE (MALE) YEAR MADHYA PRADESH 66.7 UTTAR PRADESH 66.9 ASSAM 67 CHATTISGARH 67.1 ODISHA 68.6

22. C ont … STATE (FEMALE) YEARS UTTAR PRADESH 69.1 ASSAM 69.7 MADHYA PRADESH 70.5 CHHATTISGARH 70.8 ODISHA 71.5

23. IMPORTANCE OF HDI T he HDI gives an overall index of economic development. I t does give a rough ability to make comparisons on issues of economic welfare – much more than just using GDP statistics show. I t gives idea regarding areas of development which requires improvement. S tatistics gives better decision making for areas having wide disparity. M ore focus on social & human development rather than only capital accumulation and growth.

24. LIMITATIONS OF HDI W ide divergence within countries. for example, countries like china and kenya have widely different hdi scores depending on the region in question. (e.g. :- north china poorer than south east). E conomic welfare depends on several other factors, such as – threat of war, levels of pollution, access to clean drinking water etc. GNI does not show how the income is spent by the government. some countries spend more on military than on healthcare. W hen knowledge is measured it only takes into account what children learn at school not in the family. and so maybe knowledge statistics may be distorted if the family play more of a role in education in the home

25. CONT… L ongevity can also be distorted as the life expectancy of a person does not consider how healthy the life was led. L ife expectancy value for a country is the given is an average of the total population. there are many communities in the country that will not all have access to good healthcare services and so there will be variations of life expectancy values.

26. WHY INDIA IS LAGGING IN HDI ?? L arge number of population in I ndia lives in slums that is around 158 .4 million. 42 % c hildren below 5 years age are underweight and 59 % stunted. L ow spending on education by the government. L ack of schemes for urban poor like NRHM etc. I ndia treats its environment poorly . ranks 125 out of 132 countries in a study done by Y ale university.

27. CONCLUSION T he HDI gives an overall index of economic development. T here are certain differences among different states development conditions so there must be equal opportunities for development for all. Some important issues are missing in hdi such as infrastructure and some economic factors.