Human growth hormone

hormone

1. Prepared by : Rajesh yadav
Submitted to: Dr. N Venkatesan

2. HGH
(human growth hormone)
It’s a protein based poly-pepitide
Produced by the pituitary gland in the brain.
Used to stimulate growth, and cell reproduction and
regeneration in humans and other animals.

3. Definition
Growth hormonealso known assomatotropinor
ashuman growth hormone[HGH] in its human
form), is apeptide hormonethat stimulates
growth,cellreproduction, and cell regeneration in
humans and other animals. It is thus important
inhuman development. It is a type ofmitogenwhich is
specific only to certain kinds of cells. Growth hormone
is a 191-amino acid, single-chainpolypeptidethat is
synthesized, stored and secreted bysomatotropin
cellswithin the lateral wings of theanterior pituitary
gland.

4. Functions
Effects of growth hormone on the tissues of the body
can generally be described asanabolic(building up).
Like most other protein hormones, GH acts by
interacting with a specificreceptor on the surface of
cells.
1) Increased height during childhood is the most widely
known effect of GH.

5. Apart from height, other responses are;
Increasescalciumretention, strengthens and increases
themineralization of bone
Increasesmusclemass
throughsarcomerehypertrophy
Promoteslipolysis
Increasesprotein synthesis
Stimulates the growth of all internal organs excluding
thebrain
Plays a role inhomeostasis

6. Reducesliver uptake ofglucose
Promotesgluconeogenesisin the liver
Contributes to the maintenance and function
ofpancreatic islets
Stimulates theimmune system
Increases deiodination of T4 to T3

7. Regulation
Secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary is
regulated by theneurosecretory nuclei of
thehypothalamus. These cells release the Growth
hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH/somatocrinin)
andGrowth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH
/somatostatin) into thehypophyseal portal venous
blood surrounding the pituitary. GH release in the
pituitary is primarily determined by the balance of
these two peptides. Somatotropic cells inanterior
pituitary gland then synthesize and secrete GH in a
pulsatile manner, in response to these stimuli by the
hypothalamus.

8. Deficiency of HGH
The effects of(GH) deficiency vary depending on the
age at which they occur. Alterations
insomatomedincan result in growth hormone
deficiency with two known mechanisms; failure of
tissues to respond tosomatomedin, or failure of
theliverto producesomatomedin.Major
manifestations of GH deficiency in children
aregrowth failure, the development of ashort stature,
and delayed sexual maturity. In adults,somatomedin
alteration contributes to increasedosteoclast activity,
resulting in weaker bones that are more prone
topathologic fracture andosteoporosis

9. However, deficiency is rare in adults, with the most
common cause being apituitary adenoma. Other adult
causes include a continuation of a childhood problem,
other structural lesions ortrauma, and very rarely
idiopathic GHD.
Adults with GHD "tend to have a relative increase in
fat mass and a relative decrease in muscle mass and, in
many instances, decreased energy and quality of life".
Diagnosis of GH deficiency involves a multiple-step
diagnostic, usually culminating in GH stimulation
tests to see if the patient's pituitary gland will release a
pulse of GH when provoked by various stimuli.

10. Medical uses
Replacement therapy
Treatment with exogenous GH is indicated only in
limited circumstances,andneeds regular monitoring
due to the frequency and severity of side-effects. GH is
used as replacement therapy in adults with GH
deficiency of either childhood-onset or adult-onset
(usually as a result of an acquired pituitary tumor). In
these patients, benefits have variably included reduced
fat mass, increased lean mass, increased bone density,
improved lipid profile, reduced cardiovascular risk
factors, and improved psychosocial well-being.

11. Other approved uses
GH can be used to treat conditions that produce short
stature but are not related to deficiencies in GH.
However, results are not as dramatic when compared
to short stature that is solely attributable to deficiency
of GH. Examples of other causes of shortness often
treated with GH areTurner syndrome,chronic renal
failure,Prader–Willi syndrome,intrauterine growth
restriction, and severeidiopathic short stature. Higher
("pharmacologic") doses are required to produce
significant acceleration of growth in these conditions,
producing blood levels well above normal
("physiologic’’)

12. Side effects
Use of GH as a drug has been approved by the FDA for
several indications. This means that the drug has
acceptable safety in light of its benefits when used in
the approved way. Like every drug, there are several
side effects caused by GH, some common, some rare.
Injection-site reaction is common. More rarely, joint
swelling, joint pain,carpal tunnel syndrome, an
increased risk ofdiabetes.In some cases, the patient
can produce an immune response against GH. It may
also be a risk factor forHodgkin's lymphoma.
One survey of adults that had been treated with GH
showed a mildly increased incidence of colon cancer

13. Performance enhancement
The first description of the use of GH as a doping
agent was Dan Duchaine's "Underground Steroid
handbook" which emerged from California in 1982; it
is not known where and when GH was first used this
way.
Athletes in many sports have used human growth
hormone in order to attempt to enhance their athletic
performance. Some recent studies have not been able
to support claims that human growth hormone can
improve the athletic performance of professional male
athletes.Many athletic societies ban the use of GH and
will issue sanctions against athletes who are caught

14. Dietary supplements
To capitalize on the idea that GH might be useful to
combat aging, companies sellingdietary
supplementshave websites selling products linked to
GH in the advertising text, with medical-sounding
names described as "HGH Releasers". Typical
ingredients include amino acids, minerals, vits, and/or
herbal extracts, the combination of which are
described as causing the body to make more GH with
corresponding beneficial effects. In the United States,
because these products are marketed as dietary
supplements it is illegal for them to contain GH, which
is a drug. Also, under United States law, products sold
as dietary supplements cannot have claims that the
supplement treats or prevents any disease .

15. Agricultural use
In the United States, it is legal to give a bovine GH to
dairy cows to increase milk production, and is legal to
use GH in raising cows for beef; see article onBovine
somatotropin,cattle feeding,dairy farmingand thebeef
hormone controversy.
The use of GH inpoultry farming is illegal in the
United States. Similarly, no chicken meat for sale in
Australia is administered hormones.
[
Several companies have attempted to have a version of
GH for use in pigs (porcine somatotropin) approved by
the FDA but all applications have been withdrawn.

16. Intended use
Children with growth disorders
Adults with hormone deficiency
Short bowel syndrome

17. Side effects
Increased risk of diabetes
High blood pressure
Arthritis
Joint swelling
Joint pain
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Headache
Nausea, vomititing

18. How HGH methods work
Injection: a synthetic substance injected into the body. They tend to be
very expensive a single injections costs as much as $29.
Oral Spray: not scientifically proven to have an effect. Some say they
see results faster then the other methods.
Natural releasers: they increase the HGH levels in our bodies. They are
like vitamins taken in a tablet form. Usually taken just before bed
seeing how the pituitary gland is most active during sleep.

19. HGH prescriptions
It is legal to take human growth hormones if
prescribed by a physician.

20. BUSTED
Serious sentencing if you get caught selling human
growth hormone pills.
Fines could be up to ,250,00.

21. Back in the Game Sports Medicine is a clinic dedicated
to the treatment of physical injuries to the body.
Caring for an injured body involves more than making
the diagnosis; it's about understanding and treating
the cause to prevent future injuries. The clinic
addresses injuries of the spine, extremities, sports, and
auto/work.

22. THANK YOU