HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN HEALTH SYSTEM

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

1. Human Resource Management By Mr. S. O. Afubwa 2022 Samuel O. Afubwa

2. To make the learner to appreciate the need of applying health and safety strategies in control and prevention of occupational health hazards at work place. Aim Samuel O. Afubwa

3. By the end of the lesson the participant should be able: Define common terms in OHS. Enlist occupational hazards. Explain the procedure of risk recognition, Describe how to monitor hazards in a workplace. Discuss hazard and risk control and prevention. Objectives Samuel O. Afubwa

4. Objectives At the end of this module, the participants are expected to:- Understand the concept of occupational safety and health Know the Background of OSH Appreciate the importance of OSH practice Understand the legal aspects relating to OSH Develop skills in management of occupational Safety and health in health facilities

5. INTRODUCTION Occupational Health and Safety (OSH) is multi-disciplinary and targets four basic aspects namely; (1) The protection and promotion of workers health by preventing and controlling occupational diseases and accidents; (2) The development and promotion of healthy and safe work, work environments and work organizations; (3) Enhancement of physical, mental and social well-being of workers; and (4) Enabling workers to conduct socially and economically productive lives and to contribute positively to sustainable development. This is essentially Fitting work to the worker and the worker to work

6. Importance of occupational safety and health Practice Economic sense When safety and health system is in place, productivity is enhanced. Reduced insurance premiums, reduced long term health care costs, reduced legal costs Legal importance Reduced litigations, reduced ambulance chasers (common law costs), cushion workers from exploitation by employers   Health implications Reduced morbidity, mortality and fatality. Best practice Improved public image, improved employee satisfaction, loss of skilled workforce through accidents and ill health, improved employee retention,

7. Background and Global history of OSH The father of occupational health is considered to be Bernardino Rammazzini. He recommended that one of the questions that a doctor should ask his patient should be, “What is your occupation?”

8. History The Industrial Revolution - population movement towards industrial locations in Britain. This resulted to poor housing, overcrowding and lack of sanitation. The working hours were excessively long and this had an adverse effect on the workers’ health. Very little attention was paid to safety devices in machines which resulted in many machinery accidents In response to these concerns, in 1802 the first law to protect workers was enacted:- the Health and Morals Apprentices Act

9. Early solutions….. Measurement of occupational mortality was first introduced in Britain around the middle of the nineteenth century.This drew attention to the gross risks of injury and diseases in factory workers and miners at that time. The need to deal with notification and reports from certifying surgeons led to the appointment of the first Medical Inspector of Factories in 1898.

10. Early solutions…. In 1919, The International Labour Organization (ILO) was founded The ILO constitution includes “measures to be taken for protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of employment”.

11. WHO Constitution The World Health Organization (WHO) mandate and interest in OHS derives from its constitution in which it is envisaged that:- “ the improvement of working conditions is considered an important factor in health protection and promotion ”.

12. Kenya situation In Kenya, the Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services (DOSHS), in the Ministry of Labour, Social Security and Services is mandated to administer safety and health legislations. Factories ordinance 1950, factories Act 1951 Factories and Other places of work Act, 1990 occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007.

13. Way forward There is need to integrate this service into the National Health Care Delivery System. This will allow for comprehensive planning and implementation of the necessary programmes to achieve the objectives of occupational health and safety

14. LEGAL ASPECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MODULE 1.2

15. The Kenyan Constitution, 2010 Occupational safety and health is cited in the constitution in the following articles:- Article 41: reasonable working conditions for all workers in Kenya Article 42: a clean and healthy environment Article 43: Right to the highest attainable standard of health. Article 70: compensation for any victim of a violation of the right to a clean and healthy environment respectively.

16. Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007 The Act applies to all workplaces where any person is at work, whether temporarily or permanently.

17. Duties of occupiers Ensure safety, health and welfare at work of all his employees. Registration of workplaces: All occupiers shall register their premises as workplaces Renewal of registration certificate: The certificate of registration shall be renewed every year. Prepare a written safety and health policy statement. Carry out risk assessments in relation to the safety and health of persons employed. Not make any deduction from an employee’s salary or other benefits for anything provided under the Act.

18. … duties of occupiers- Safety and health audits - ensure that a safety and health audit of the workplace is carried out at least once every year by an approved safety and health adviser.

19. Duties of self employed persons : Take all necessary precautions to ensure his own safety and health and that of any other person who may be affected by his activities.

20. Duties of employees: Take care of his own safety and health and that of other persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions at work. Co-operate with his employer in discharge of any requirement imposed by the Act. Use at all times protective equipment or clothing provided by the employer for the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health. Report to the immediate supervisor any situation which he believes presents imminent or serious danger to his safety or health. No person shall wilfully interfere with or misuse anything provided for safety, health and welfare.

21. Safety and health committees An employer with twenty or more employees shall establish a workplace safety and health committee whose membership shall comprise both the workers and management .

22. Accidents, diseases and dangerous occurrences notification Notice of accidents and dangerous occurrences: - An employer or self employed person shall notify the nearest occupational safety and health office of any accident, dangerous occurrence, and occupational poisoning which has occurred at the workplace. In the case of a fatal accident the notice must be given within twenty-four hours . Notification of occupational diseases:- Every medical practitioner shall notify the Director of any occupational disease he encounters while attending a patient.

23. Enforcement Inspections – Occupational Safety and Health Officers have powers to inspect every workplace by day or by night. Any person obstructing such an officer is liable to a penalty. Improvement notices and prohibition notices – These are issued when contraventions recur and no action for improvement is taken. Prosecution: for repetitive contraventions

24. Health considerations Cleanliness Overcrowding Ventilation Lighting Drainage of Floors Sanitary Accommodation

25. Machinery safety Safe use of Plant machinery and equipment: - designed for and be operated by a competent person. Fencing . – Every part of the transmission machinery and every dangerous part of other machinery must be securely fenced. Cranes, Hoists and other lifting equipment, pressure vessels and refrigeration plants – Must be thoroughly examined periodically according to the law by a person approved by DOSHS.

26. Safety: general provisions Safe means of access: Floors, passages, gangways, steps, stairs and ladders must be soundly constructed and properly maintained, and handrails must be provided for stairs. Removal of Dust or Fumes – Where dust or fumes are likely to be injurious or offensive, workers must be protected against inhaling, and where practicable, localized exhaust ventilation must be provided and maintained. Meals in Certain Dangerous Trades. - A person must not partake of food or drink in workrooms where there are hazardous dusts or fumes.

27. … safety: general provisions Protective Clothing and Appliances . – Suitable protective clothing and appliances must be provided and maintained for the use of workers employed in any process involving exposure to wet or to any injurious or offensive substance. Confined spaces . – Adequate precautions should be taken for work in confined spaces where persons are liable to be overcome by dangerous fumes. Explosions of Inflammable Dust or Gas. – Precautions should be taken against explosions for welding or soldering on containers, which have held any explosive or inflammable substance. (such containers must be washed thoroughly before welding.)

28. ILO/WHO The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of health of workers in all occupations; The prevention among workers of departures from health as a result of working conditions; The protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; The placing of and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment. Definition of OHS Samuel O. Afubwa

29. Occupational health and safety focuses on the recognition, monitoring, measurement and control of a hazard that includes risk minimization. Fit work to man and fit man to work Samuel O. Afubwa

30. Work Workplace Occupation Hazard Risk Job Safety Common terms in OHS Samuel O. Afubwa

31. S – Spot the Hazard; A – Assess the Risk; M – Make Necessary Changes and that includes manage the hazard or risk. OHS concepts Recognition, Monitoring, Measurement and Control. SAM Samuel O. Afubwa

32. Occupational hygiene Noise and vibration, Radiation safety, Toxicology, Environmental monitoring, Biological monitoring, Industrial lighting and ventilation. Safety Technology Construction/demolition safety, Electrical safety, Fire and explosion safety, Machinery safety and Plant safety OHS components Samuel O. Afubwa

33. Safety Management Risk Management and System safety Occupational legislation Occupational Safety and Health Act (2007), International Conventions and Other Laws. Ergonomics Office based work, Visual Display Units (VDU) and Body systems Occupational diseases Chemical Diseases, Physical Diseases, Psycho-social Diseases, Biological Diseases, disorders. Occupational Health and Safety auditing Samuel O. Afubwa

34. We know that: The worker must be maintained healthy so as to continue being productive; The workers may be exposed to unique or peculiar situations or substances which need specialized attention; Exploitation of the worker by work systems, using the fact that oftentimes employment to the worker is much more important than his health; Why the concern Samuel O. Afubwa

35. Ignorance of the workers and management systems who may not be aware of dangers arising or likely to arise from the nature of the work environment; The negative importation of technology; The worker has a fundamental right to health, welfare and survival. Samuel O. Afubwa

36. Chemical; Physical or Energies; Climatic (macro and micro-climate); Biological or micro predators; Psycho-social climate or factors. Some authors have added ergonomics as a class of hazards, though in real sense ergonomics is the umbrella word covering of all the hazards. Mechanical Hazards can be accepted Classification of hazards Samuel O. Afubwa

37. Xenobiotic (foreign matter in a biological system) in the body. High temperature, high blood pressure, changes in muscle tone or abnormal nerve signals Effects of hazards Samuel O. Afubwa

38. Disease, Injury, Disorder of growth, Disorder of repair, Disablement, Absenteeism, Errors in judgment, Fatigue, Death. Samuel O. Afubwa

39. Bio-Dumping Sweat, Urine, Faecal matter, Respiration, Radiation, Exfoliation Samuel O. Afubwa

40. Identify hazards in the work area and report to designated personnel according to workplace procedures Accurately follow safe workplace procedures and safe work instructions for controlling risks Follow safe workplace procedures for dealing with accidents, fires and emergencies, whenever necessary within scope of responsibilities and competencies Procedure of risk recognition Samuel O. Afubwa

41. Raise occupational health and safety issues with designated personnel in accordance with workplace procedures and relevant requirements of occupational health and safety legislation Contribute to consultative arrangements for occupational health and safety management in the workplace within organisational procedures and scope of responsibilities and competencies Samuel O. Afubwa

42. Consideration of Hazards and Risk Management 1. Physical Hazards Ionising Radiation Non-Ionising Radiation Adverse Movements and Postures Manual Handling Risk Assessment Process Samuel O. Afubwa

43. Chemical agents Biological agents Working conditions Computers Mental and Physical Fatigue Thermal Comfort Lone Working Working At Heights Travelling For Work Personal Protective Equipment Stress Night Work Samuel O. Afubwa

44.     5.  Less Prevalent Hazards Hyperbaric atmosphere /Scuba diving (relating to, producing, operating, or occurring at pressures higher than normal atmospheric pressure ) Shock & Vibration Heavy metals such as Mercury, Lead & their derivatives Intentional use of Carbon Monoxide Violence Samuel O. Afubwa

45. Help prevent injuries and illnesses. Through critical examination of the workplace, inspections identify and record hazards for corrective action. Joint occupational health and safety committees can help plan, conduct, report and monitor inspections. Regular workplace inspections are an important part of the overall occupational health and safety program Why are workplace inspections important? Samuel O. Afubwa

46. It is an essential part of a health and safety program. Inspections are important as they allow you to: listen to the concerns of workers and supervisors gain further understanding of jobs and tasks identify existing and potential hazards determine underlying causes of hazards monitor hazard controls (personal protective equipment, engineering controls, policies, procedures) recommend corrective action What is the purpose of inspections? Samuel O. Afubwa

47. Aspects to Examine Examine who, what, where, when and how. Pay particular attention to items most likely to develop unsafe or unhealthy conditions because of stress, wear, impact, vibration, heat, corrosion, chemical reaction or misuse. Inspect the entire workplace area each time. Include areas where no work is done regularly, such as parking lots, rest areas, office storage areas and locker rooms. How do you plan for inspections? Samuel O. Afubwa

48. All workplace elements must be observed - the environment, the equipment and the process. The environment - noise, vibration, lighting, temperature, and ventilation. Equipment - materials, tools and apparatus for producing a product or a service. The process - how the worker interacts with the other elements in a series of tasks or operations. Workplace Elements Samuel O. Afubwa

49. Types of workplace hazards include: Safety hazards; e.g., inadequate machine guards, unsafe workplace conditions, unsafe work practices. Biological hazards caused by organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Chemical hazards caused by a solid, liquid, vapour, gas, dust, fume or mist. What types of hazards do we look for in a workplace? Samuel O. Afubwa

50. Ergonomic hazards caused by anatomical, physiological, and psychological demands on the worker, such as repetitive and forceful movements, vibration, temperature extremes, and awkward postures arising from improper work methods and improperly designed workstations, tools, and equipment. Physical hazards caused by noise, vibration, energy, weather, heat, cold, electricity, radiation and pressure. Samuel O. Afubwa

51. CAUSES OF ERGONOMIC- RELATED INJURIES Posture Force Repetition Low temperature Contact points Vibration Samuel O. Afubwa

52. CUMULATIVE TRAUMA Most back injuries are the result of everyday wear and tear rather than a single traumatic event. The cause is generally not a single lift but damage done over time Causes: Repeated twisting Awkward postures Heavy lifting Prolonged vibration Samuel O. Afubwa

53. CUMULATIVE TRAUMA Once back pain is experienced, the chances of it recurring increase greatly. Back injuries from slips, trips, and falls can sometimes be prevented by good housekeeping. Proper storage of material and regular cleanup of debris can improve access not only for workers, but for materials handing equipment. Samuel O. Afubwa

54. To reduce back injuries on the job, a preventive program is necessary. An effective program should cover factors such as anatomy, work place posture, lifting techniques, ergonomics, and exercises. Samuel O. Afubwa

55. PROPER LIFTING Plan your move Size up the load and make sure your path is clear. Get help as needed. Use a dolly or other materials handling equipment if possible. Use a wide, balanced stance with one foot slightly ahead of the other. Get as close to the load as possible. Tighten your stomach muscles as the lift begins. When lifting, keep your lower back in its normal arched position Pick up your feet and pivot to turn. Don’t twist your back. Lower the load slowly, maintaining the curve in your lower back. Samuel O. Afubwa

56. LIFTING GRIP Use entire palm, not just the fingertips . Samuel O. Afubwa

57. LIFTING DO’S AND DON’TS DO: Push rather than pull. Keep a good grip. Maintain clear vision between the object and your destination. When lowering an object, try and keep the natural curve of your back. Place the load on the edge (tailgate) and push it back. DON’T: Lift above shoulder height. Catch falling objects. Samuel O. Afubwa

58. TWISTING Repeated twisting of the lower back during lifting (or shoveling) is a common mistake. It can contribute to lower back pain and disability. Instead, lift your feet and turn you whole body. Lifting and placing palletized/stacked materials lift object with feet and body in same direction pick up feet and turn with feet and body together don’t twist Samuel O. Afubwa

59. MORE LIFTING TIPS Transferring weight pull object towards you while transferring your weight to the lift side lift only to the level required shift your weight to the other leg while pushing the object into position. do not twist Lifting heavy bags put one knee down against bag pull bag up leg rest bag on edge of knee stand upright pull bag to waist height Samuel O. Afubwa

60. LIFTING OVER BARRIERS Many back injuries result from repeated use of poor lifting techniques. Often a simple change in how we use our body to perform routine tasks can prevent back injuries and make work easier at the same time. One-handed lifts Lifting with the back rounded and knees straight places great stress on the spine, making the lower back more susceptible to injuries Two-handed lifts Again, avoid rounding the back Move the object as close to the body as possible Bend at the hips, while keeping the back in the normal arched position Samuel O. Afubwa

61. Laws have been adopted to ensure that employers protect their workers from workplace hazards, injuries and illnesses. establishing a uniform method for reporting workplace injuries and illnesses protects the health and safety of workers, requiring employers to take preventative action to ensure "safe and healthful-working conditions.“ Importance of Legislation in Occupational Health Samuel O. Afubwa

62. to ensure that people supplied with chemicals receive the information they need to protect themselves, others and the environment. Obliges suppliers to identify the hazards and pass on this information with advice on safe use. This is usually done by means of package labels and safety data sheets Samuel O. Afubwa

63. Probability 1 = unlikely 2 = possible 3 = probable Severity 1 = minor 2 = serious 3 = critical Risk Assessment Samuel O. Afubwa

64. Risk factor 1-3 = low risk 4 = medium risk 6 or 9 = high risk Samuel O. Afubwa

65. One Row / activity with Columns for: Reference number Activity Task Hazards Persons in Danger Probability (P) Severity (S) Risk Factor (R = P*S) Controls in Place or Action to be Taken Additional  Requirements Risk assessment Samuel O. Afubwa

66. Video Ten Commandments on Health and Safety Samuel O. Afubwa

67. Burnout Compiled by S.O. Afubwa

68. Burnout - symptoms emotional exhaustion lack of any positive feelings fatigue frustration apathy psychosomatic illnesses listlessness emotionally overextended depersonalization unfeeling reactions to clients lack of personal accomplishment glassy eyes feeling incompetent anxiety emotionally worn down

69. Burnout - case study Bruce Almighty

70. Burnout – Factors that contribute to counselor burnout Environment Organizational factors Nature of client-helper interactions - perceived inequities Individual Factors Over-identification/over-involvement with the client Therapeutic locus of control Coping style and needs

71. Burnout - case study Office Space

72. Burnout – Why is it an ethical issue? Emotional Exhaustion Depersonalization, unfeeling reactions to clients Lack of personal accomplishment or feeling incompetent at your job Increased alcohol and drug use Employee theft Declining level and quality of service to clients Boundary issues Avoidance of involvement with certain types of cases

73. Burnout – Measurement instruments Maslach Burnout Inventory The Staff Burnout Scale The Tedium Scale

74. Burnout – Helpful resources http://www.friedsocialworker.com

75. Burnout – Helpful resources Seven Salutary Suggestions for Counselor Stamina Selectivity Temporal Sensitivity Accountability Measurement and Management Inquisitiveness Negotiation Acknowledgement of Agency

76. Burnout – some prevention measures Avoid overidentification Set boundaries The battle for initiative Clear professional objectives Simple interventions first Maintain a sense of humor Self-care Expect trial and error

77. Burnout - references Arthur, N. (1990). The assessment of burnout: a review of three inventories useful for research and counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69, 186-189. Cottone, R., & Tarvydas, V. (2003). Ethical and professional issues in counseling (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education . Burnout in the workplace self-test. Retrieved September 30, 2004, from http://www.baptisteast.com/WOR004.cfm Osborn, C. (2004). Seven salutary suggestions for counselor stamina. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82, 319-328. Savicki, V., & Cooley, E. (1982, March). Implications of burnout research and theory for counselor educators. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 1982, March, 415-419. Truchot, D., & Deregard, M. (2001). Perceived inequity, communal orientation and burnout: the role of helping models. Work and Stress, 15, 347-356. VanAuken, S. (1979, October). Youth counselor burnout. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 1979, October, 143-144.

78. Machines could eat you!! Machinery Safety By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

79. Introduction A machine is considered to be any apparatus that has interrelated parts and is used to perform work . The presence and operation of machines/equipment exposes workers to mechanical hazards. All moving parts of machinery can cause injury to an operator/bystander. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

80. Machinery is a major hazard at work.. 8 out of 10 workplace fatalities and 1 in 4 workplace injuries involve mechanical equipment. MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

81. Where there is a risk of exposure to dangerous parts during: operation examination lubrication adjustment maintenance, that risk must be eliminated , or, where it cannot be eliminated, minimised . MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

82. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

83. Hazard Identification a Hazard is something which could cause injury a Risk is the likelihood of the hazard causing an injury, and the likely severity of an injury what parts of a machine do you look at to find the Danger Areas ? MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

84. MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS spot the hazards By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

85. Danger Areas Typically, the following 2 areas on machinery are dangerous, and can be a risk to anyone near the machine: 1. Parts which move or transmit power 2. Parts that do the work MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

86. belts & pulleys flywheels & gear wheels shafts & spindles slides & cams chain & sprocket gears Danger Areas 1. Parts which move or transmit power MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

87. Danger Areas tools & dies blades cutters saws drills and chucks rollers 2. Parts that do the work MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

88. To identify dangerous machine parts look for: shear points drawing-in points impact and crushing areas entanglement areas stabbing points cutting areas abrasion areas flying particles protrusions MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

89. MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS spot the hazards Shear Nip Entangle Stab Draw in Crush Stab Protrusion By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

90. contact or entanglement with machinery trapping between machine and material or a fixed structure contact with material in motion being struck by material ejected from a machine release of potential energy MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS Machine hazards controlled by guarding include: By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

91. Protective Measures Entails a combination of the following:- Use of Safety Guards. Use of safe work practices. Training. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

92. SAFETY GUARD By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

93. Make sure machine guards are in place!! all guards should be correctly and securely fitted BEFORE operating a machine machine guarding is vital to every workplace using machinery guards need not be complicated nor interfere with productivity MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

94. Safety guards A safety guard is a machine component constructed specifically to provide protection by creating a barrier. Depending on construction, a guard may be a screen, door, barrier, cover, hood, enclosure etc A guard may act alone- effective only when in place. Or may act in conjunction with an interlocking device- protection ensured regardless of the position of the guard. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

95. Safety guards- types Fixed guard A fixed guard has no moving parts associated with or dependent upon the mechanism of any machine. When in position, a fixed guard prevents access to a danger point or area. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

96. Safety guard types: Fixed Guards no moving parts protect only when fixed in position should be easy to remove and replace are only opened or removed with a tool simple, low maintenance, often the cheapest form of guarding may interfere with production/maintenance MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

97. An example of a fixed guard. The design of guards may have to take into account the need to adjust drive belts and transmission chains. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

98. Pedestal Grinder with Fixed and Adjustable Guards MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

99. Adjustable guard This is a fixed guard with an adjustable element which once adjusted remains in position during a particular operation Widely used in woodworking machines Protection afforded usually poor since they always leave residual access even when adjusted correctly. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

100. Self adjustable guard Prevent access to the work piece except when the guard is forced open by the passage of work. Usually incorporate a pivoted and/or spring loaded element. The guard rides over the work piece. e.g. circular saw. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

101. Distance guard This type of guard does not completely enclose a danger point, but places the danger point at a safe distance out of the normal reach. It is usually a waist height rail . Permanent Simple By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

102. An example of a distance guard. A perimeter fence guard with fixed panels and interlock inaccess door. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

103. permanent simple Distance Guards MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

104. Interlocked guard This has a movable part so connected to the machine such that:- Machinery cannot be put in motion until the guard is closed. Interlocked guards can be hinged, sliding or removable . By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

105. Interlock Guards have moveable parts that are interconnected with the control system usually electrical, mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic interconnections machinery will not operate unless guard is closed less likely to slow production generally more expensive and require more checking and maintenance MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

106. An example of an interlocked guard. When the door is opened, the circuit is broken and the revolving cylinder stops. In this type of arrangement, opening the door may also mechanically activate a brake to stop the cylinder. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

107. Interlocked Guard on Dough Divider MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

108. Automatic guard Associated and dependent upon the mechanism of the machinery. Physically removes from the danger area any part of a person exposed to danger by automatically moving into position as the machine, or cycle, is started Applications limited to slow moving, long stroke presses and guillotines. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

109. An example of an automatic guard. This system is limited to slow moving machinery. The machine will only operate when the guard is in the position shown, with the operator unable to reach the danger area . By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

110. Trip device This ensures that an approach to a dangerous part beyond a safe limit (or in some cases the initiation of an entanglement) stops or reverses the machine. Device involves:- Mechanical (probes and barriers) Photoelectric devices Pressure sensitive mats By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

111. An example of a photoelectric light curtain used as a trip guard. When any of the beams are blocked by intrusion towards the hazard area, the light curtain control circuit switches off the hazard power. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

112. Two hand control device In this kind of control device, the machine should only operate when both controls are activated virtually simultaneously. These controls should be spaced well apart and shrouded. Controls only protect the operator and not third parties. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

113. Two-hand control device. Protection is only provided to the operator and not to other people near the hazard. The device is usually easily defeated. By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

114. Safe work practices. Machinery inspection. Maintenance Personal protective equipment/clothing When switching the machine on/off Use of lock out/tagging Use of emergency stop Care when using machine with exposed moving parts House keeping. Use of hand signals. Not operating machine when ill/drunk By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

115. Lock Out / Tag Out Isolation System An appropriate isolation method is a lock-out/ tag-out system , in which one or more padlocks are fitted to the isolation switch, as well as danger tags with the exposed persons' names on them. Isolation: Lock-out/ tag-out MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

116. Emergency Stop Controls shall be prominent and readily accessible from all operator positions coloured red suitably marked Emergency Stop Buttons shall be “mushroom head” latch-in or lock-in manual reset type lanyards, trip wires or similar devices are acceptable require a manual reset before restarting not to be used for normal stopping not to be relied upon for isolation NOT an alternative to guarding MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

117. Emergency Stop Controls shall be prominent and readily accessible from all operator positions coloured red suitably marked Emergency Stop Buttons shall be “mushroom head” latch-in or lock-in manual reset type lanyards, trip wires or similar devices are acceptable require a manual reset before restarting not to be used for normal stopping not to be relied upon for isolation NOT an alternative to guarding MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

118. Training in safe working procedures, guarding and hazards of the machine they operate training records shall be kept Administration Safe Operating Procedures shut down procedures maintenance schedules and records Personal Protective Equipment used if not possible to completely control the hazard check fit, comfort, maintenance, correct use & training MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS By Samuel O. Afubwa OHS Specialist

119. Fire Safety Management Samuel O. Afubwa 2022 Master of OHS (Curtin), Dip. OHS (KMTC), Dip. EHS ( UoN ), PHO/EHO, MAPHO , PRINCIPAL Lecturer KMTC S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

120. Introduction on Fire Fire is a good servant But a bad master Duties of a Fireman Save life Save properties Render humanitarian service FIGHT FIRE S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

121. Definition of Fire Fire is a sought of chemical reaction between fuel, oxygen usually in the air started by a presences of heat TRIANGLE OF FIRE S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin Heat Oxygen Fuel FIRE

122. Extinction of Fire MAKE IT AND ANGLE S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin Heat Oxygen Fuel Fuel Oxygen Heat 1 2 3

123. Causes Of Fire Fire is a process of combustion characterized by heat and smoke Fire Triangle: HEAT+OXYGEN+FUEL S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

124. Classes of Fire Class A – solid or carbonaceous materials paper, fabric, wood etc Extinguished by cooling eg water Class B – Liquids (Flammable) such as petrol, kerosene, diesel etc Extinguished by smothering eg blankets, powder, co 2 Class C – Gas e.g. LPGs Extinguished by foam chemical Class D – Metals e.g. magnesium flammable metals (magnesium etc) Extinguished by smothering Class E – Electric/Electronics S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

125. Fire Killing Elimination of one of the elements of combustion Methods Starvation Smothering Cooling Best practice to have a fire policy S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

126. Stages of Fire Incipient No visible smoke or flame or significant heat, but there is a condition generating combustion particles through chemical decomposition – not visible to human eye and develops over extended period Smouldering Particles start to become visible as “smoke” Flames Ignition point has occurred and infra-red energy is given off by flames – visible smoke level decreases and more heat is developed Heat This last stage develops very quickly from stage 3, with large amounts of heat, flame, smoke and toxic gases produced. S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

127. Fire Fighting Equipment Fire extinguishers - mobile Foam Dry powder Carbon dioxide Fire extinguishers – fixed Water – hydrant system Water – hose reel system Inspection Every three months Fire Drills Fire exit and escape routes S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

128. Fire Alarm System Consists of Control panel Break glass trigger mechanism Alarm siren More advance ones have Smoke detectors Heat detectors Sprinkler system Assembly Points Emergency planning and preparedness S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

129. Causes of Fire Management failure to incorporate fire prevention and fire control as an integrated part of planning, and procedures; Unsafe actions by people, such as failure to extinguish a cigarette, or smoking in areas where flammable or combustible materials are present; Unsafe conditions, particularly overloading electrical circuits and wiring, or incorrect fuse sizes; Electrical malfunctions, such as in motors, switchboards or generators; Unsuitable storage, such as combustible material near exhaust or stream pipes or high temperature areas; S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

130. Causes of Fire Cont’ 6. Friction, such as that produced by conveyor belts or bearings; 7. Chemicals and liquids with low flash ppints which evaporate at room temperature to create an explosive vapour/air mixture, flammable gases and vapours, cleaning solvents and various dusts (flour/wood dust); and 8. Unsuitable location of work processes and equipment. S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

131. Fire Extinguishers Portable fire extinguisher Carried and operated by hand Extinguisher is expelled by action of internal pressure and directed onto fire. The pressure may be stored, or obtained by chemical reaction or by release of gas from a cartridge. Maximum mass of a portable extinguisher in working order is 23kg. S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

132. Coding Water Foam Carbon dioxide Dry chemical powder Vaporising liquid Red Cream Black Blue Green S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

133. Water – containing extinguishers There are three kinds i.e. Soda acid Gas is generated in the cylinder when the acid phial is broken, and this expels all the water through the discharge tube Gas cartridge Carbon dioxide is held in small pressure cylinder, the seal being broken by a plunger. The gas so expels the water out of the nozzle Stored pressure Contains carbon dioxide under pressure. Water is expelled when the trigger is pulled. Closing the trigger stops the water flow S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

134. Alarms and detectors Alarm Help, help Whistle Gong Siren Switch on Break glass and press Break glass Detectors Smoke Flame Heat S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

135. History of the Portable Fire extinguisher Introduction A portable fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device to extinguish or control a fire, often in emergency situations. A typically portable fire extinguisher consists of a pressure vessel containing an agent that when discharged, can extinguish a fire. In order to use a fire extinguisher, you must first make sure it is suitable to the type of fire. If it is not a suitable type, it may not be effective or it may cause additional dangers. For example, water on a kitchen chip pan fire will sink into the hot fat and be rapidly converted to steam erupting the flaming fat over a wide area. Water on an active electrical fire might create an electric shock danger. S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

136. Evacuation signage S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

137. Fire Risk assessment Whilst the legislation does not define suitable and sufficient it is generally considered that a risk assessment should do the following: 1.  Identify the fire risks arising from or in connection with work: Attention should be paid to sources of ignition, sources of fuel and work processes. 2.  Identify the location of people at significant risk in case of fire: It will be necessary to identify the areas that persons will frequent, whether they be employees, customers, visiting contractors etc. S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

138. Fire Risk assessment Cont.’ 3.  Evaluate the risks: Are existing fire safety measures within the premises adequate? Are sources of fuel and ignition controlled? Is there adequate means for detecting fire and giving warning? Is there adequate means of escape in case of fire from all parts of the premises? Has adequate and appropriate firefighting equipment been provided, and is it suitably located? Is there an adequate testing and maintenance regime in place for fire precautions within the premises? Have employees been adequately trained in fire safety procedures within the premises and in the use of firefighting equipment S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

139. Fire Risk assessment Cont’ 4.  Record findings and action taken: Prepare an emergency plan, inform, instruct and give training to employees in fire precautions 5.  Keep the assessment under review: Generally the review date should be one year from the date of completion of the risk assessment, however it may be necessary to set an earlier date depending on the type of premises, processes carried out, etc S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

140. Fire Risk assessment Cont’ Employers and the self employed are expected to take reasonable steps to help themselves identify fire risks, e.g. by looking at appropriate sources of information such as legislation, and codes of practice or by reference to a competent individual. For small premises presenting few or simple hazards a suitable and sufficient fire risk assessment can be a very straightforward process. In many intermediate cases the fire risk assessment will need to be more sophisticated.  Some areas of the assessment may require specialist advice such as in a particularly complicated building. S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

141. Fire Risk assessment Cont’ Large and complex premises will require the most developed and sophisticated fire risk assessments particularly where fire engineering solutions have been developed to overcome difficult fire safety issues. Fire risk assessments must also consider all those who might be affected by the undertaking whether they are employees or others such as contractors working on site or members of the public.  Particularly attention should be given to those individuals who are especially vulnerable. such as young persons, the elderly or those with disabilities S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

142. Significant findings should include the significant hazards identified in the assessment.  That is, those hazards which might pose serious risk to workers or others who might be affected by the work activities if they were not properly controlled; the existing control measures in place and the extent to which they control the risks (this need not replicate details of measures more fully described in works manuals etc but could refer to them); the population which may be affected by these significant risks or hazards, including any groups of employees who are especially at risk. S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

143. 3.1.5 Fire safety auditing Exits whether provided, suitably marked, accessible and properly maintained Door whether made of fire proof materials and capable of containing smoke and the spread of fir Types of materials used for construction of the building and workrooms Materials used in the processes and operations Measures used to discouraged smoking Likely sources of fire Precautions on burning of waste Measures taken to prevent fires from sparks, heat, flame, static charges and any other source of ignition Measures on safe storage of flammable substances, explosive, self igniting and incompatible materials S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

144. 3.1.5 Fire safety auditing Housing keeping Number, type and location of fire fighting appliances provided at each workroom or workstation Appliances be suitable, adequate and accessible Types of fire detection systems Frequency of fire audits, the name and qualification of the person carrying the audit Number of fire incidents since previous year Escape and persons who are physically challenged Alternative ventilation and lighting in escape route Adequate and independent water supply for fire Recommendation S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

145. Extras Usage of extinguishers The typical steps for operating a stored pressure fire extinguisher (described by the acronym "PASS") are the following: P - Pull the safety pin and test A - Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire, from a safe distance (*about 1 to 3 meters (4 to 10 feet) away) S - Squeeze the handle S - Sweep the extinguisher from side to side while aiming at the base of the fire S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

146. Emergency Evacuation Plan Cont.’ 3. Designate duties of individuals, such as checking corridors , using extinguishers, closing doors, and train accordingly 4. Names and locations of emergency wardens should be listed on notice boards 5. Telephone numbers of fire station, police and ambulance should be listed on telephones 6. Upon first discovering a fire, bomb, or threatening situation, notify emergency warden, switchboard, or fire brigade/police/ambulance (as required) 7. Encourage people to remain calm and orderly. S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

147. Emergency Evacuation Plan Cont.’ 8. Feel surfaces of closed doors before opening them (to determine whether fire is present on the other side) 9. Close doors to fire escapes and windows behind you 10. Carry out a “search and remove” operation floor by floor, including dressing room and toilets 11. Shut down any potentially dangerous units, such as boilers 12. Do not use lifts 13. Is escaping through a smoke filled area, keep close to the floor (where there is most oxygen) and do not move too quickly S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

148. Emergency Evacuation Plan Cont.’ 14. If trapped, go to an outer room where the door can be shut and try to attract attention from window 15. Do not jump a building unless there is no alternative, conditions make it safe to do so, or it is possible to land on soft surface S. O. Afubwa Mocchs - Curtin

149. SHUKRAN Samuel O. Afubwa