Human Respiration

Introduction respiration, mechanisms of respiration by various animals and human lungs

1. RESPIRATION Dr. T. RAMESH Assistant Professer of Zoology Vivekananda College

2. Respiration Types of Respiration Respiratory organs in Various organisms Mechanism of respiration in man Transport of gases Respiratory disorders Summary

3. Gaseous exchange between Organisms and the Environment Essential Physiological activity Energy for Organisms- Oxidation of Food Human- intake of Oxygen for delivery to body cell and elimination of carbon dioxide produced by cell Healthy person respired 12-15 times/min It regulate the blood pH

4. External Respiration ( breathing )- Lungs- Higher animals Internal Respiration ( cellular )- blood fluid & cell- Invertebrates

5. Oxygen is derived from two main sources- Air and Water S.no Air % of Volume 1 Nitrogen 78.09 2 Oxygen 20.95 3 Carbon dioxide 0.03 4 Others In traces level Table shows the average composition of air

6. Animals Body weight (grams) O2 consumption ( ml/gm body weight/hour ) Frog 150 0.05 Turtle 3, 000 0.088 Pigeon 700 1.5 Dog 20, 000 0.36 Elephant 3, 80, 0000 0.067 Man 70, 000 0.2 Oxygen consumption in various animals at rest The Influence factor of oxygen consumption- Temperature, Body size and activity Higher vertebrates consumes larger amount of Oxygen

7. “The respiratory organ of man is lungs” Man has two Lungs They are spongy in Nature They are located in the Thoracic cavity The lungs are Cone shaped The right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has two lobes

8. Respiratory passage consists of External nostrils Nasal cavity Internal nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Alveolar sac Alveolus

9. Pulmonary Respiration When the human body breathes air, it gets sucked through the nostrils or the mouth . Then it goes through the trachea ( wind pipe ). The trachea divides into tubes called bronchi which carry the air on to each lung. Respiration is the Interchange of O 2 and CO 2 Pulmonary respiration and Tissue respiration

10. Respiration External nostrils or Mouth Nasal cavity Internal nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Alveolar sac/ Air Sac CO 2 RBC Capillary O 2 Air Sac RBC Exchange of gases in Alveolus

11. Tissue Respiration Interchange of Gases in the tissues It is also a internal respiration Cells take up O 2 from haemoglobin and the blood receives CO 2 from the cells Capillary RBC Cells O 2 CO 2

12. Disorders of the respiratory system can be classified into four general areas: Obstructive conditions (e.g., bronchitis, asthma attacks) Restrictive conditions (e.g., fibrosis, alveolar damage, pleural effusion) Vascular diseases (e.g., pulmonary edema , pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension) Infectious, environmental and other "diseases" (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis, particulate pollutants): Coughing is of major importance, as it is the body's main method to remove dust, mucus, saliva, and other debris from the lungs. Inability to cough can lead to infection. Deep breathing exercises may help keep finer structures of the lungs clear from particulate matter, etc. Respiratory Disorders

13. Did you know that… Amazing Facts About the Respiratory System Your right lung has three lobes and your left lung only has two The right lung is a little larger than the left lung A person sleeping almost always breathes 12 or 15 times a minute

14. Did you know that… Amazing Facts About the Respiratory System The exhaling rate is faster in kids than in adults The trachea is made out of cartilage shaped rings The fastest recorded “ sneeze speed” is 165 km per hour It is healthier to breathe through your nose than your mouth, because your nose hairs and mucus clean the air

15. References Arumugam , N. and Mariakuttian A. (2013) Animal Physiology, Saras publication, Nagercoil , Tamil Nadu India pp. 558. Pranav Kumar and Usha Mina (2011) Life Science Fundamentals and Practice. Part II. Pathfinder Academy, New Delhi, India. Pp-588.

16. Thank you