human settlement.pptx

human settlement is a subject in architecture, which plays an important role in the study of lifestyle of human, also the evolution from the hunter man to the civilized humas

1. Human Settlement

2. SETTLEMENT It is derived from ‘settle’ meaning to establish or become established in more or less permanent home/ house or way of life. It is fixed to a point of space and has therefore a definite location and identity. Settlement refer to a group of features that enter the composition of cultural landscape. This cultural landscape is superimposed on the physical landscape which provides the basic surface from which the cultural landscape is carved out. They vary in terms of their size, composition, location, arrangement, organization, function, and history.

3. 1.  Earlier man lived a nomadic life, moving from one place to another in search of food and shelter, later man invented agriculture and started leading a more settled life. 2.  The settlements grew near the river valleys as water was available and land was fertile. With the development of trade, commerce and manufacturing, human settlements became larger.

4. FACTORS AND EARLY HUMAN SETTLEMENT In ancient times, environmental factors influenced people’s choices of where to settle. Three important environmental factors were water , topography , and  vegetation .

5. Water  The most important environmental factor in early human settlement was water. Physical features like rivers, lakes, and inland seas were good sources of fresh water. Water was important for many reasons. People needed fresh drinking water to live. They also bathed and washed things in fresh water. Bathing and washing helped prevent disease. Water was a source of food. People caught fish from rivers, lakes, and seas. They hunted water birds and other animals that gathered near water. In addition, farmers needed water to grow their crops. For this reason, farmers often settled near rivers. A river’s natural flooding could help irrigate their farms. Farmers could also dig canals or trenches to direct river water to their crops. For example, farmers in Mesopotamia dug canals for this purpose. Water was also used for transportation. Cities and towns often used rivers as “highways.” People traveled in boats to visit relatives and trade goods. Towns near the sea could trade goods with countries far away.

6. Topography  A second environmental factor was topography. Topography refers to the shape and elevation of the land. It includes features like mountains, hills, plains, valleys, and deserts. The topography of an area was important for early human settlement. Farmers preferred to settle in flat, open areas such as plains and valleys. Large, flat spaces gave farmers room to plant crops. Also, the rich soil in coastal plains and river valleys was excellent for growing these crops. Mountains were less friendly to human settlement. Steep mountains were hard to cross. Their jagged peaks, cold temperatures, and rocky land made farming difficult. Deserts also discouraged settlement. They were hot and dry. They contained very little water for farming. Sandstorms occurred when strong winds carried dense clouds of sand that could block out the sun. The intense heat, lack of water, and sandstorms made travel and living in the desert difficult.

7. Vegetation  A third environmental factor was vegetation, or plant life. There are many kinds of vegetation, such as trees, bushes, flowers, grass, and reeds. The crops people grow are also a type of vegetation. Many  aspects  of physical geography affect vegetation. A climate with mild weather and regular rain is good for plant life. Fresh water supports the growth of vegetation. The areas around rivers and lakes are usually green and lush. Mountains are often covered with thick groves of trees. Dry and hot deserts have very little vegetation. The vegetation in an area influenced early human settlement in several ways. Most important, plants were a source of food.People could eat the wild plants available and also the crops they planted. Vegetation had other uses as well. People learned to make many useful products out of plants, including baskets, tools, medicine, rope, and even paper. Trees provided shade from the hot sun. And plants and flowers added natural beauty to a place. Wherever people settled in the ancient world, water, topography, and vegetation were important factors.  https://sites.google.com/site/worldhistorytheancientworld/home/7---geography-early-settlement-of-egypt-kush-canaan/7-2---environmental-factors-and-early-human-settlement

8. COMPONENTS OF SETTLEMENT Nature – the biosphere and environment that provides the basic needs. Man – makes the decision on what to do with the resources around them. Society – agglomeration of people that creates an interaction and relationships governed by social artifacts such as economic, cultural, political, or spiritual. Shells – contain human activities and provide protection. Networks – these are channels through which people, energy, and information flow. e.g. roads, railways, skyways, bridges, pipelines, drainage, and telecommunications

9. TYPES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL SETTLEMENT These settlements are chiefly concerned with primary activities such as agriculture , mining, fishing, forestry etc. Most of the people of rural settlement are engaged in agricultural work. The major function of rural settlement is agriculture and each settlement specializes in various activities. Service provided are in limited range and mostly for every day needs Population density is small and the settlement size is small.

11. RURAL SETTLEMENT The villages are rural settlements where the people are engage in activities like agriculture, fishing, forestry, crafts etc., Here the population is less Types of settlements: compact/clustered/nucleated settlement Semi compact/semi clusterd / fragmente settlement Hemleted settlement Dispersed settlement

12. NUCLEATED SETTLEMENTS As the name suggests, these settlements have closely built-up area. Therefore in such settlement all the dwellings concentrated in once central sites and these inhabited area is distinct and separated from farms and pastures. Therefore, they want to make maximum use of available natural resources.

13. NUCLEATED SETTLEMENTS Nucleated settlements are where buildings are clustered round a central point. The centre of the settlement may be a crossroads, a church, a water supply, or a market place. Nucleated settlements also occur on hill tops. Very often these settlements have a definite pattern due to closely built area and intervening street pattern. 1. LINEAR PATTERN 2. RECTANGULAR PATTERN 3. SQUARE PATTERN 4. CIRCULAR PATTERN 5. RADIAL PATTERN

14. Nucleated Settlements LINEAR PATTERN : Its commonly found along main roads, railways, streams, etc., it may be have a single row of houses arranged along the main artery. Rural settlements found along the sea coast, river valley, mountain ranges etc.,

15. NUCLEATED SETTLEMENTS RECTANGULAR PATTERN : This is a very common type which develops around the rectangular shape of agricultural fields as it is common to find a system of land measurement based on square units. Village paths and cart tracks also confirm the rectangular field patterns and run through the villages in north south or east west directions. Accessibility to farms and fields and connectivity to other settlements lead to rectangular shape of settlements.

16. NUCLEATED SETTLEMENTS A hollow rectangular pattern is an interesting variant of the rectangular type. This happens when the rectangular pattern has an open space in the middle. This may be du to the location of an old, deserted fort, large house, mound or a pond in the middle. This open space may hay a few trees and used as a place for cattle grazing, for having panchayat assembly or for having weekly or bi-weekly markets.

17. Nucleated Settlements SQUARE PATTERN : this is basically variant of rectangular type such a pattern is associated with villages lying at the crossing of cart tracks or roads and also related to features restricting the extension of the village outside a square space. This features may include old boundary wall, thick orchards, a road or a pond.

18. Nucleated Settlements A circular pattern is seen outer walls of dwellings adjoin to each other and present a continuous front, so that when viewel from outside, the villages look like a walled and fortified enclosure pierced by a few openings. The round form a natural outcome of maximum aggregation for the purpose of defense during the past.

19. Nucleated Settlements A hollow circular pattern is a variant of the circular type. This pattern has an inbuilt, open space in the middle of the village. The causes for this pattern are more or les the same which lead to the rectangular pattern of settlement.

20. Nucleated Settlements A herring bone pattern occurs where the rectangle i : characterised by a main lane with all the subsidiary lane: meeting the former almost at right angles. The patten evidently is a result of the unusual importance of the mair street indicated by the tributary nature of the by-lanes.

21. Nucleated Settlements In the radial pattern:, a number of streets converge or one centre which may be a source of water (pond, well) a temple, a centre of commercial activity or simply an open space. Thus, the streets seem to be radiating from, common centre.

22. Nucleated Settlements A polygonal pattern may be identified as an interme­diate type between the rectangular and circular patterns It seems to be a later development of the circular pattern,... with the need for defense having ended and subsequent expansions not confining themselves to the circular aggre­gation.

23. Nucleated Settlements A horse-shoe shaped pattern is characteristic of a large number of foothill villages in the peninsular upland. The villages built on the site or at the base of the rounded ridges or hillocks line, the advantageous side of the hill, forming a girdle around it and the resulting form is like a thick crescent of horse-shoe shaped pattern.

24. Nucleated Settlements The ' dopple-dorfer ' (double village) is a group of two villages so near each other that it would seem that one of them has grown up by colonization upon the edge of the other. A minor physical obstacle may be the cause of such a form, which may include, a nala , a pond, a mound or hillock, an intervening road, etc.

25. FRAGMENTE SETTLEMENT The dwelling or houses are not well knitted. Such settlements are characterize by a small but compact nuclear around which hamlets are dispersed. It covers more area than the compact settlments these settlements are found both in plans and plateaus depending upon the environmental conditions prevailing in that area. Like compact settlements semi compact settlements may also have different patterns: CHECKER BOARD PATTERN ELONGATED PATTERN FAN SHAPPED PATTERN

26. FRAGMENTE SETTLEMENT CHECKER BOARD PATTERN : this type of settlements found generally at the junction of two roads the village streets meet each other at an angle or are parallel to each other this is because of the tendency to align the dwellings along cardinal axes.

27. FRAGMENTE SETTLEMENT ELONGATED PATTERN : This settlement occurs as a result of elongation of the rectangular pattern due to the influence of site features and it is elongated along the high ground. FAN SHAPPED PATTERN : the focal points or line is situated at one end of the village. A focal object may be a tank a riverside, a road, an orchard, a well or even a place of worship. Such patterns are common in the delta region where the dwellings simply followed the fan shaped profile of the delta. It is common in himalaya foot hills.

28. HAMLET These type of settlements fragmented into several small units. The main settlement does not have much influence on the other units very often the original site is not easily distinguishable and these hamlets are often spread over the area with intervening fields.

29. DISPERSED SETTLEMENT This is also known as isolated settlements. Here the settlement is characterize by small size which may consists of a single house to a small group of houses. It varies from two to seven huts. Therefore in this type the hamlets are scattered over a vast area and does not have any specific pattern such type of settlements are found in tribal areas and also common in the hills. Dispersed settlements are usually farms. They are spread out because of the space taken up by fields. Other dispersed settlements are found in mountainous areas where it is difficult to live.

30. FACTORS INFLUENCING of THE RURAL SETTLEMENTS There are three factors that influence the type of settlements in India. These factors are Physical Ethnic or cultural and Historical or defence

31. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE TYPE OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS Physical Factors: These include relief, altitude, soil capability, climate, drainage, ground water level, etc. These factors influence the type and spacing of dwelling or instance, in dry regions of Rajasthan, water is a crucial factor and, therefore, houses are situated along a pond or well which guides the compactness of the settlement. Ethnic and Cultural Factors: These include aspects like caste, community, ethnicity and religion. In India it is commonly found that the main land owning caste resides at the centre of the village and the other service providing castes on the periphery. This leads to social segregation and fragmentation of a settlement into several units Historical or Defence Factors: In the past, mostly border areas of northwestern plains were conquered or attacked frequently by outsiders. For a long time, apart from attack from outsiders, there had been continuous fight between princely states and kingdom within the country therefore, security concerns favoured the evolution of nucleated settlements.

32. URBAN SETTLEMENT The majority of people are engage in non agricultural activity They work in office, shops and factories, operate machinery, provide health care or other services Urban settlemnet can be small like 50,000 people or can be lare as 50,00,000 people.

33. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN SETTLEMENT These types of settlement are nodal in character and have secondary and tertiary activities. The chief occupation of the people of urban areas is non-agricultural i.e. industry, trade and services. The major function of an urban area are trades and commerce, transport andcommunication , mining and manufacturing, defence , administration, cultural and recreational activities. Population density is high and the settlement size is large.

34. Characteristics of Urban Settlement on the basis of population NAME POPULATION CITY 50,000 TO 1,00,000 GREAT CITY 1,00,000 TO OVER SUPER CITY MORE THAN 300000 METROPOLIS 10,00,000 AND ABOVE MEGAPOLIS 50,00,000 AND ABOVE

35. CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENT NAME POPULATION CLASS I 1,00,000 AND ABOVE CLASS II 50,000 – 99,999 CLASS III 20,000 – 49,999 CLASS IV 10,000 – 19,999 CLASS V 5,000 – 9,999 CLASS VI LESS THAN 5,000

36. LAND USE TOWN CENTER : it indicates the central area containing commercial and administrative blocks, theatres, big temples, principal library, museum, etc., INDUSTRIAL AREA : in this part, the manufacturing of industries of different goods are located RESIDENTIAL AREA: this part is mainly use for providing residential accommodation to the inhabitants of the town. But it also contains small shops, primary schools, parks, gardens, small service industries, etc., OPEN SPACE: this part of town is allotted to network of raods , parks and playgrounds and in fact land indicate which is substantially left in its natural state for the benefit of people. TOWN PERIPHERY: the term town periphery is used to indicate the land which is located on the boundary of town and which is directly influenced by the town it however, cannot be considered as part of the town the town periphery includes markets, gardens, nurseries, golf course, etc,

37. ZONEING NAME ZONING RESIDENTIAL 40% TO 50% COMMERCIAL 2% TO 5% INDUSTRIAL 2% TO 25% RECREATIONAL 15% TO 20% INSTITUIONAL 1% TO 2% CIVIC 2% TO 3%

38. CLASSIFICATION OF CITIES ACCORDING TO FUNCTION FUNCTIONS NAME OF THE CITIES Administrative New Delhi, Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwar , Gandhi Nagar, Thiruvananthpuram , Imphal , etc. Industrial Jamshedpur, Bhilai , Salem, Coimbatore, Modinagar , Surat , etc. Transport Port cities like Kandla , Kochi, Vishakhapatnam, etc. Road and Railway Junctions like Mughal Sarai , Itarsi , Katni , Kharagpur , Agra etc. Commercial towns Kolkata, Mumbai, Saharanpur, Indore, Chennai, etc. Mining towns Raniganj , Jharia , Dhanbad , Digboi , Ankaleswar , Singrauli , etc. Cantonment Meerut, Ambala , Jalandhar , Mhow , Pathankot , etc. Educational Roorkee, Pilani, Manipal, Aligarh, Varanasi, etc. Religious Puri, Mathura, Madurai, Tirupati, Katra, Amritsar, Allahabad, Varanasi, etc.

39. http://humanbeings-india.blogspot.in/2009/11/types-of-rural-settlements-there-are.html

40. RURAL DWELLING The dwelling is referred to (as vastu derived from Sanskrit root was meaning to reside) a place used as shelter or place of residence. The rural house form one of the essential facets of rural landscape and provide clues about complex relations between man and his environment, represent the cultural heritage of the past and the survival of traditional and reflection of the social state.

41. RURAL DWELLING Rural houses of a particular region, present diversity in form, size and functions as well as balanced adaptation.

42. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF HOUSES COURTYARD: most distinguishing feature of rural house in northern India this represents a rectangular open space of diverse site, shape, size and function depending upon need and space available the courtyard is surrounded by walled room which can be visualized in Ganga valley Verandah : mostly tiled, has separate functions. The outer verandah in front of main door is for receiving guests. It may be used as shops. The inner verandah provides light to inner rooms and enables fair approaches to rooms

43. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF HOUSES Enclosure: or fencing by thorns, wood and plant hedge in front of and also at back side of dwelling is common in tribal areas and houses lying on marginal areas of settlements, for example Punjab, western up, khala in M.P are its varieties. This is used for protection from wild animals, to keep fodder , implements, carts and other articles of agricultural use. Raised Earthen Platform: along the lower base of the outer wall. This protects the house from rain downpours.

44. Structural feature of dwellings Foundation and floor of dwelling: foundations are laid on basis of astrological calculations. The floor of house are generally kachcha which is levelled and plastered with clay and cow dung. Walls and Roofs: Mud walls predominate rural dwellings. Sometimes use of sandstone and wooden planks is also done to make wall durable. Thatching of roof is done, country made flat or semicircular tiles are also laid on the roofs. If dwelling units are compared on regional basis,” climate expresses itself through the form of its roofs”, Bamboo pieces or thinly split tree trunks are also used for roofing.

45. Other features ‘ Dagla ’ is common feature of tribal dwelling in M.P. it is raised structure of wooden ‘ ballis ’ open on all sides where fodder is stored and cattle staked. ‘ Upraur ’, ‘ bittha ’ (heap of cow dumg cakes) is made and covered with leaves, thatch, which varies in season. This can be seen in all parts of rural countryside.

46. Architectural features The low caste people have distinctive fancy pattern on the exterior of the walls painted by ‘ geru ’ (red chalk) or white clay ( kharia mitti ) to have a picturesque view. Covered teak pillar in chettiars (T.N) and havellis Gujrat present the grandeur of wooden carving pillars and baithak of Northern India are also designed and carved. In tribal or poor houses, earthen bins can be found which are used for storing grains.