Human wildlife conflict

Sajjad Hameed Mughal. Department of Zoology The University of Poonch Rawalakot

1. 1 Topic. Human wildlife conflict Presented by. Sajjad Hameed Mughal Class. Mphil . Zoology Roll no. 20 The university of Poonch Rawalakot AJK. Presented to. Hon. Dr. Nausheen Irshad

2. Definition Human-wildlife conflict is defined by the world wide fund for nature as “ any interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative impact on human social, economic or cultural life, on the conservation of wildlife populations, or on the environment .” 2

3. Introduction The word ‘ conflict’ is defined as ‘ an incompatibility between opinions or principles A situation that arises because of differences in perception, attitude and insufficient understanding, mostly, on part of the wiser party. Any condition that arises where the behavior of one (either people or wildlife) is unacceptability disadvantageous to the other’. 3

4. Cont,,,, INTRODUCTION….. With the increase in wildlife population in response to protection, human-wildlife conflict also has increased. Large-scale forest degradation, rapid infrastructure development and population explosion, conflicts between domestic stock and wild carnivores have increased. 4

5. Man-wildlife conflict wildlife is unacceptably disadvantageous to other Increase in man wildlife conflict is due to resource limitation like : 1. Space 2. Food 3. Shelter It is also due to Increasing population of human beings , Loss of forest , decrease in quality of forest and development activities. It is also caused by resource reductio n of human and/or wild animals. 5

6. HUMANS AND WILDLIFE IN PERSPECTIVE Humans and wildlife interacted throughout history 1) exploited wild animals for food 2) exploited animals for sports and culture 3) we have modified landscapes 4) we have moved species around the world Types of interactions Positive: Agriculture and food production, aesthetics Negative: Wild animals eat our livestock, damage our crops, compete for prey, maybe even kill or injure us 6

7. Conflicts with Leopard Conflict with snake Conflict with rodents 7

8. Conflict with Leopard Second most prevalent conflict with the leopard The conflict caused by the leopard kill is more on sheep and horses and its preferences to these species over other animals are not yet known 8

9. Human Leopard conflict in Machiara N. Park The study was conducted in 30 villages of Azad Jammu and Kashmir to investigate the human-leopard conflict in terms of livestock depredation, human causalities and perception of people about the leopard. The livestock predation by leopard viz., goat 2.08 (50.50%), sheep 1.17 (28.53%), cow/ox 0.23 (5.63%), buffalo 0.10 (2.58%), horse/donkey 0.07 (1.75%), dog 0.19 (4.80%) and chicken 0.25 (6.18%) was recorded ( Sohail et al., 2013). 9

10. Human Leopard conflict in Pir Lasura N. park No. of killed Site year Area(NP) M/F or Uk Villages Killed by 2 Village Before 2000 Inside M/F Pehli Khandar Shoot 2 Village 2008 Outside M/F Simti Un Known 1 Forest Before 2000 Outside M Mehra Shoot 1 Village Before 2000 Outside M Nailan Shoot 1 Village Before 2000 inside F Bermoch Shoot 1 Forest Before 2000 Outside M Majhan Shoot 1 Village 2009 outside M Majhan unknown 1 Forest 2010 Inside M Gharbi Poisoned 1 Forest 2010 Inside F Latehri Poisoned 1 Forest 2010 outside Unknown Qamrooti Stones, axe Total killing 12 10 (Muhammad and Kabir , 2010).

11. Human-snake Conflict Snakes are accidentally/in self defense killed by human in response sometimes snake may also bite the human. some estimates put the number at 5.4 million snakebites every year. 2.5 million envenoming, resulting in perhaps 125,000 deaths. ( Winkel et al., 2008) 11

12. Human-rodents Conflict The most probable reason of conflict with rodents is crop damage and damaging household. rodents included: Porcupine, squirrel and Mice 12

13. conflict Damage to Agri. crop Killing of livestock Killing of Humans House Damage Accidental injury 13

14. Causes Anthropogenic/Man made causes Habitat loss Agricultural practices Entry into forests Insufficient prey base Poverty Population pollution Exploitation of forests Culture and society 14

15. Winkel , K., Kasturiratne ., Anuradhani ., Wickremasinghe , A. Rajitha ., de Silva., Nilanthi ., Gunawardena , N., Kithsiri ., Pathmeswaran ., Arunasalam ., 2008. "The Global Burden of Snakebite. A Literature Analysis and Modelling Based on Regional Estimates of Envenoming and Deaths".  PLOS Medicine  . journal.pme, 5: 218. Literature cited IUCN. World Parks Congress . 2003. WWF. 2003. congress on human wildlife conflict. 15 Muhammad, W., M. Kabir . 2010. Human leopard conflict assessment in Pir Lasora National Park Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. WWF Pakistan . Sohail , A C., S. Iqbal ., Z. Rasheed ., A. Razzaq . , M. Husain and M.N. Abbas . 2013. Human-Leopard Conflict In Machiara National Park ( Mnp ), Azad Jamu And Kashmir ( Aj And K), Pakistan. Jour. Glob. Innov . Agric. Soc. Sci., 1(1): 17-21.