Hybrid seed production in cabbage

Seed production techniques for hybrid cabbage seeds.

1. H Y B R I D S E E D P R O D U C T I O N O F C A B B A G E V D I V Y A D H A R S H I N I 2 1 5 6 1 2

2. F L O R A L B I O L O GY The inflorescence is an unbranched and indeterminate terminal raceme . A cabbage flower has four sepals, four petals, six stamens in tetradynamous condition (two short and four long stamens) B icarpellary ovary which is superior and has a false septum. Ovules are attached on both the sides of septum. Two active nectaries are located between the bases of short stamens and ovary. The buds open under pressure of rapidly growing petals and become fully expanded in about 12 hrs.

3. C A B B A G E I N F L O R E S C E N C E

4. Flowers are slightly protogynous and cabbage is naturally cross-pollinated due to sporophytic self-incompatibility. Pollination is brought about by bees and flies. Bud pollination is effective to achieve selfing. For cross-pollination flower buds expected to open within 1-2 days are emasculated and are pollinated immediately with desired pollen using a brush/flower stamens.

5. When pollination cages are available, crosses between self-incompatible types can be made by insects such as honey bees, bumble bees and flies.

6. P a r e n t a l l i n e d e v e l o p ment With self-incompatible plants, bud pollination gives better results. In this system, the pollination is carried out in buds before 2-4 days of opening, with emasculation or without emasculation. The seed production plot of parental inbred lines is covered with net to avoid contamination by bees or other insects. The mixed pollen collected from the same line should be used for pollination to avoid viability depression from continuous selfing.

7. S t i g m a i s r e c e p t i v e f o r a b o u t 5 d a y s b e f o r e a n d 4 d a y s a f t e r a n t h e s i s . F e r t i l i z a t i o n - 5 d a y s a f t e r p o l l i nation .

8. B u d p o l l i n a tion

9. F 1 W h e n p o l l i nati on c a g e s a r e a v a i lable , c r o s s b e t ween s e l f i n c o m p a tible t y p e c a n b e m a d e b y i n s e c t s . S e t o u t c r o s s c o m p a t i ble b u t s e l f i n c o m p atible l i n e i n a l t e r n a t e r o w s . M a l e : f e m a l e = 1 : 1

10. Cabbage hybrids could be of following kinds: S i n g l e c r o s s D o u b l e c r o s s T o p c r o s s Till, late eighties, most of the cabbage hybrids produced in United States were top crosses.

11. Considerations . . . Isolation distance of at least 2000 m from cauliflower, kohlrabi, broccoli, kale, Brussels sprouts, etc. Provision of approximately 15 honey bee boxes/ha . Synchronized flowering of the parental inbreds . Planting ratio of 1: 1 for the parental inbreds

12. Problems in the Breeding of F1 Hybrids: Depression by inbreeding Reduction of incompatibility by environmental conditions Restriction of pollination within parental lines by bees instead of random movement of bees

13. S e l e c t ion t e c h n i que H e a d s h a p e H e a d s i z e C o r e w i d t h P l a n t h e i g h t C o r e l e n g t h C o r e s o l i d i t y H e a d c o m p a c t n e s s

14. Cabbage requires two seasons to produce seeds. In the first season the heads are produced and in the following season seed production follows. Two methods are followed : In situ method - for certified seed production (Seed to seed method) Transplanting method - for nucleus seed production (Head to seed method )

15. In situ method In this method, the crop is allowed to over winter and produce seeds in their original position, where they are first planted. T r a n s p l a n t ing m e t h o d : M atured plants are uprooted and the outer whorls removed. Then the plants are replanted in a well prepared new field .

16. M e t h o d s f o r f a c i l i tating f l o w e r ing : 3 methods : S t u m p method Stump with central core intact method H e a d i n t a c t m e t h o d

17. S t u m p m e t h o d H e a d s e x a m i n e d f o r trueness t o t y p e H e a d s a r e c u t j u s t b e l o w t h e b a s e b y m e a n s o f s h a r p knife , k e e p ing t h e s t e m w i t h o u t e r w h o r l o f l e a v e s . B e h e a d e d p o r t i on o f p l a n t i s c a l l e d s t u m p . A f t e r d o r m a n c y i s b r o k e n , b u d s s p r o u t f r o m a x i l s o f a l l l e a v e s a n d l e a f s c a r s . A d v a n t a g e s : E x t r a i n c o m e M a t u r e s 1 2 - 1 5 d a y s e a r lier . S e e d y i e l d i s i n c r e a s ed . D i s a d v a ntages : F l o w e r ing s h o o t s a r e d e cumbent a n d r e q u i r e s h e a v y s t a c k i n g .

18. S T U M P H E A D

19. B u d s p r o u ts

20. S t u m p w i t h c e n t r a l c o r e i n t a c t m e t h o d H e a d s a r e c h o p p e d o n a l l s i d e s w i t h d o w n w a r d p e r p e n d i cular c u t s i n s u c h a w a y t h a t c e n t r a l c o r e i s n o t d a m a g e d . I m p r o v e m e n t o v e r s t u m p m e t h o d . D u r i ng l a s t w eek o f February a n d u p t o 1 5 t h March w h e n h e a d s t a r t s b u r s t i n g , 2 v e r t i c a l c u t s are g i ven . ( C e n t r a l g r o w i ng p a r t n o t i n j u r e d ) I n a b s e n c e o f s u c h c u t s , h e a d s b u r s t o u t i r r e gular ly a n d s o m e t imes grow ing t i p i s b roken .

21. A d v a n t a ges : V e r y h e a vy stacking i s n o t n e cessary . S e e d y i eld i s i n c r e ased . D i s a d vantages : C h o p p ed h e a d s c a n n o t b e m a r k e t e d .

22. S t u m p + H e a d

23. C h o p p ing t h e h e a d

24. S T U M P W I T H C O R E

25. C O R E I N T A C T M E T H O D

26. H e a d i n t a c t m e t h o d H e a d i s k e p t i n t a c t a n d o n l y a cross-cut i s g i v e n t o f a c i litate t h e e m e r g ence o f s t a l k . A d v a n tages : R e m o v a l o f h e a d s o r c h o p p i n g o f h e a d s o n a l l s i d e s i s n o t r e q uired . V e r y h e a v y s t a c k i n g i s n o t r e q uired . D i s a d vantages : S e e d y i e l d i s s l i g h tly lower a s c o m p a red t o s t u m p , o r s t u m p w i t h c e n t r a l c o r e i n t a c t m e t h o d .

27. H E A D I N T A C T M E T H O D

28. H e a d i n t a ct m e t hod

29. H e a d i n t a ct m e t h od

30. C l i m a t i c r e q u i r e m e nts C o o l , m o i s t c l i m a t e w i t h m o d e r a t e t o h e a v y r a i n f a l l . C a n w i t h s t a nd f r o s t du ring h e a d s t a g e . R e q u i r e s a d o r m a n t p e r i o d o f c o o l Tempe rature t o b o l t a n d i n i t i a t e s e e d s t a l k s a n d f l o w e r s . E f f e c t ive o n l y after attempting d i a m e t e r i s 1 c m atleast. S e e d s t a l k s a r e formed a t m e a n t e m perature o f 5 ° C f o r 6 - 8 w e e k s .

31. L a n d r e q uirements F r e e o f v o l u n teer p l a n t s . D e e p , f e r t i l e s o i l w i t h w e l l s u p p l i e d o r g a n i c m a t t er . p H - 5 . 5 W e l l d r a i n e d

32. I s o l a t ion r e q u i rements C r o s s p o l l i n a t ion - b y b e e s S e p a r ate d f r o m f i e l d s o f o t h e r v a r i e t ies a n d o f s a m e v a r i e t y n o t c o n f i r m i n g t o v a r i e t a l p u r i t y r e q u irements o f c e r t ificat ion . F o u n d a t ion c l a s s - 1 6 m C e r t i f i e d s e e d c l a s s - 1 m

33. I n s i t u m e t h o d M a i n s e a s o n a n d l a t e v a r i e t ies ( s e e d p r o duction i n h i l l s ) 1 . S o w i n g t i m e a n d t r a n s p l a n t i n g : - h e a d f o r m a t ion b y e n d o f October o r f i r s t w e e k o f November - m e a n t e m p f a l l s b e l o w 1 0° C o r b e l o w - E a rly v a r i eties down f r o m 1 t h t o 2 5 t h July - m e d i u m a n d late v a r ieties down d u r i n g 2 n d a n d 1 s t fortnight o f June . T r a n s p l a n ting : 3 - 4 w e e k s e e d l i n g s .

34. S p a c i n g L a t e v a r ieties - 6 * 6 c m M e d i u m v a r ieties - 6 * 4 5 c m E a r l y v a r ieties - 4 5 * 4 5 c m . S p a c i n g

35. M e t h o d o f s o w i n g i n n u r s e r y 5 c m a p a r t i n r o w s o f r a i s e d b e d 2 5 n u r s e r y bed s o f 2 - 2 . 5 m l o n g a n d 1 - 1 . 2 5 m w i d e -f o r o n e h a . A m m o nium s ulfate o r C A N s p r a y a t 1 - 1 5 d a y s a f ter g e r m i n ation . T h i n s o w i n g .

36. S o u r c e o f s e e d O b t a i n n u c l e u s / b r e e d e r 's / f o u n d ation s e e d f r o m s o u r c e a p p r o v e d b y a s e e d c e r t i f i c a t i o n a g e n c y . Seed r a t e : M a i n s e a s on a n d l a te v a r ieties - 3 7 5 t o 4 g / h a E a r l y v a r i e ties - 6 - 7 5 g / h a

37. L a n d p r e p a r a tion : P r e p a r e d t o f i n e t i l t h b y d e e p p l o u g h i ng 3 - 4 h a r r o w i n g s f o l l o w e d b y l e v e l l ing . F e r t i l i s a t ion : 2 5 t o f F Y M 2 - 3 k g o f s u p e r p h o s p hate , 1 k g o f p o t a ssium s u lphate b e f o r e t r a n s p l a n ting . T o p d r e s s i n g : 2 d o s e s o f a m m o nium sulfate o r C A N 7 5 - 1 k g -2-3w e e k s a f t e r t r a n s p l anting . 2 - 2 5 k g a t t i m e o f s t a l k e m e r g ence d u r i n g March .

38. B d e f i c i ency : B o r a x 1 - 1 5 k g / h a o r 2 s p r a y s w i t h . 3 p e r c e n t . M o d e f i ciency : C o r r e c t e d b y l i m i n g 1 - 1 . 5 k g o f s o d i u m m o l y b date / h a . S p r a y ing o f 1 5 p p m e t h r e l a t t i m e o f e m e r g e n c e o f f l o w e r i n g s t a l k s i n c r e a s e s e e d y i e l d .

39. I r r igation : R e q u ires c o n t i n u o u s s u p p l y o f m o i s t ure . Sudden h e a v y i r r i gation a f t e r a d r y s p e l l m a y c a u s e b u r s t i ng o f h e a d s . H o e i ng a n d w e e d i ng : 3 w e e d i n g a n d h o e i n g s t i l l t h e e n d o f O ctober . o n e w e e d i n g a n d e a r t h i n g u p i n November a n d December . S e c o n d d u ring March w h e n s e e d s t a l k s h a v e e m e r ged .

40. S t a c k i n g : A f t e r f l o w e r s t a l k s a r e s u f f iciently d e v e l o p ed - t o k e e p p l a n t s i n u p r i ght p o s i tion . H a n d l ing : A f t e r f l o w e r h e a d s a r e f o r m e d , h a n d l i n g b y anybody t h e 3 m e t h o d s .

41. F i e l d s t a n d a r d s F a c t o r s F o u n d a tion s e e d C e r t ified s e e d O f f t y p e s 1 . . 5 O t h e r c r o p p l a n t s - - O b j e c t i o n a b l e w e e d s - - D i s e a sed p l a n t s . 1 . 5

42. I n s e c t pest a n d d i s e a s e P e s t s : D i a m o n d b a c k m o t h - P l u t e l l a x y l o s t e l l a C a b b a g e b u t t e r f l y - P i e r i s b r a s s i c a e C a b b a g e b o r e r - H e l l u l a u n d a l i s C a b b a g e a p h i d - B r e v i c o r y n e b r a s s i cae M u s t a r d s a w f l y - A t h e l i a l u g e n s p r o x i m a C u t w o r m s - A g r o t i s s e g e t u m , A g r o t i s i p s i l o n M u s t a r d a p h i d - - L i p a p h i s e r y s i m i

43. D i s e a s e s D a m p i n g o f f - P y t h i u m a p h a n i d e r m a t u m C l u b r o o t o f c a b b a g e - P l a s m o d i o p h o r a b r a s s i cae B l a c k l e g o f c a b b a g e - P h o m a l i n g u m C a b b a g e y e l l o w s - F u s a r i u m o x y s p o r u m s p . c o n g l u t i a n s

44. P r e b l o o m s p r a y o f . 2 5 p e r c e n t m e t h y l Demeton p l u s . 1 p e r c e n t D D T a p p l i e d j u s t b e f o r e f l o w e r i ng t a k e s g o o d c a r e o f s u c k i n g p e s t s a n d c h e w i n g p e s t s . B l o o m s t a g e a p p l i cation o f i n s e c t i c i des i s n e c e s s i t a t e d o n s e e d c a u l i f lower , Neem oil s h o u l d b e m i x e d w i t h spray t o k e e p a w a y h o n e y b e e s a n d o t h e r p o l l i n a t o r s . F o r D a m p i n g o f f , drench nur s e r y w i t h 1 5 g o f Capta n i n 1 L o f w a t e r t o c o v e r 2 m 2 a r e a b e f o r e s o w i n g .

45. R o g u i n g The first roguing is done at the time of handling the mature heads. All off type plants, diseased or undesirable types are removed at this stage. Second roguing is done before the heads start bursting, the loose leaves poorly heading plants and those having a long stem and heavy frame, most by rogued out at this stage, subsequent roguing for off types, diseased plants affected by phyllody, black leg, black rot, soft rot or leaf spot should be done from time to time as required. S u b s e q uent r o g u i n g f o r o f f - t y p e s , d i s e a sed p l a n t s s h o u l d b e r e m o ved f r o m t i m e t o t i m e .

46. H a r v e s t i n g a n d t h r e s h i n g S e e d s t a l k e l o n g a t i o n f r o m 1 - 2 t h e March w h e n m e a n t e m p . I s 1 - 1 3° C . F l o w e ring a n d p o d f o r m a t i o n s t a r t s d u r i n g 1 s t w e e k o f April a t m e a n t e m p . o f 1 3 - 1 8 . 5° C . F r o m 1 5 t h April t o 1 5 t h m a y - f u l l f l e s h o f f l o wering a n d f r u i t i n g . 1 5 - 2 t h June - r i p e n i n g o f p o d s 2 n d w e e k o f July - h a r v e s ting M e a n t e m p . b e l o w 2 0° C d u r ing June a n d July , m a t u r i t y o f c r o p is d e l a y e d b y a f o r t n i g ht a n d h a r v e sting e x t e n d s u p t o July e n d .

47. H a r v e s t e r

48. T o a v o i d s h a t t e r ing o f s e e d s , w h o l e c r o p i s h a r v e s t e d i n 2 / 3 l o t s w i t h s i c k l e s . W h e n p o d c o l o u r i n a b o u t 6 - 7 p e r c e nt of rest of the crop changes to yellowish b r own , i t i s h a r vested c o m p l e t e l y a n d piled u p f o r c u r i n g . A f t e r 4 - 5 d a y s , i t is t u r n e d u p s i de d o wn a n d a l l o w e d t o c u r e f o r a n o t h e r 4 - 5 d a y s . T h e n t h r e s h e d w i t h s t i c k s a n d s i f t e d w i t h h a n d s i f t e r s . A f t e r t h o r o u ghly d r y i n g , c l e a n e d a n d s t o r e d .

49. S e e d y i e l d F i v e h u n d r e d t o s i x h u n d r e d a n d f i f ty k g p e r h a . 1000 seed weight -3.3 g . Seed multiplication ratio – 100

50. S e e d s t a n d a r d s F a c t o r F S C S P u r e s e e d 9 8 % 9 8 % I n e r t m a t t e r 2 % 2 % O t h e r c r o p s e e d 5 / k g 1 / k g T o t a l w e e d s e e d 5 / k g 1 / k g G e r m i n a t ion 7 % 7 % M C 7 % 7 % V P 5 % 5 %

51. R e f e r e nces Babasaheb B. Desai , S e e d s h a n d b o o k : p r o c e s s ing a n d s t o r a g e , 2 4 , C R C P r e ss . R a t t a n Lal Agarwal, 1 9 9 6 , S e e d t e c h nology , Oxford & I B H p u b l i s hing Pvt. L t d . www . y o u t u b e . c o m http://www.biologydiscussion.com/vegetable-breeding/cabbage-origin-production-and-breeding-methods-india/68499 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/fig1_311594050 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=17662 http://eagri.org/eagri50/HORT281/lec12.html