Hybridization

Dr. NEELAM

1. Presented by
Dr. Neelam
Department of chemistry

2. HypotheticalconceptIntroducedbyPaulingAndSlater.
Theintermixingoftheatomicorbitalsofequalorslightlydifferentenergiesinthe
formationofnewsetoforbitalsofequivalentenergiesandshapeisknownas
hybridization.
Hybridization

3. Rulesforhybridization
OnlyorbitalshasSlightlydifferenceintheirenergycanundergohybridization.
Theorbitalproducedafterhybridizationarecalledhybridizedorbital.Onlyorbitalparticipate
inhybridizationnotelectron.
Atomicorbitalsofsameatomcombinetoformnewsetofequivalenthybridizedorbital.
Thenumberofhybridorbitalsisequaltothenumberoftheatomicorbitalsthatgethybridized.
Thehybridizedorbitalsarealwaysequivalentinenergyandshape.
Thehybridorbitalsaremoreeffectiveinformingstablebondsthanthepureatomicorbitals.

4. Thehybridizedorbitalswillshowaxialoverlappingi.e.σ-bonds.
Thehybridizedorbitalsaredumb-belltype:onelongerandonesmaller.
All type of orbitals(half, fully filled & vacant) can take part in hybridization.
Thesehybridorbitalsaredirectedinspaceinsomepreferreddirectiontohave
minimumrepulsionbetweenelectronpairsandthusastablearrangementisobtained.
Therefore,thetypeofhybridisationindicatesthegeometryofthemolecules.

5. Noofhybridizedorbitalsformed=no.ofatomicorbitalsparticipateinhybridization

6. Determination of hybridization of an atom in a molecule or ion
StericNo.ofanatom=numberofσ-bond+numberoflonepair(s)leftonthatatom
Steric No. of an atom =
1
2
(S+V-Q)
S=No.ofmonovalentatomsurroundingcentralatom
V=Valenceelectronofcentralatom
Q=Charge

8. Types of hybridization
1.sp hybridisation
2.sp
2
hybridisation
3.sp
3
hybridisation
4.sp
3
d hybridisation
5.sp
3
d
2
hybridisation
6.sp
3
d
3
hybridisation

9. 1. sp hybridisation:
BeCl
2
1s 1p sp sp-hybridized orbital
Be= 1s
2
2s
2
2p

10. Linear shape, sp hybridisation, Bond angle = 180˚

11. 2. sp
2
hybridisation:
1s 2p sp
2
sp
2
sp
2
-hybridized orbital
BF
3
B
5 = 1s
2
2s
2
2p
1

12. Trigonalplanar shape, sp
2
hybridisation, Bond angle = 120˚

13. 3. sp
3
hybridisation:
1s 2p sp
3
sp
3
sp
3
sp
3
-hybridized orbital
CH
4

14. Tetrahedral shape, sp
3
hybridization, B. A. 109˚28’’

15. sp
3
dhybridisation:
Stericnumber=5
Geometry=trigonalbipyramidal
Bondangle=90˚,120˚

16. sp
3
d
2
hybridisation:
Stericnumber=6
Geometry=octahedral
Bondangle=90˚

17. sp
3
d
3
hybridisation:
Stericnumber=7
Geometry=octahedral

20. Thank you