Hydrogen as a fuel in future

Its good to understand what is our future requirement as a secondary fuel

1. Non Renewable Energy Sources A Presentation on Hydrogen- A Fuel for the Future Submitted to – Prof D. S Gandhe Presented By MBA-E&E 2017-19 Vivek Gundraniya (17020243009) Aditya Rajopadhye (17020243010) Arzaan Dordi (17020243014) Gaurav Sahay (17020243015) Neelima Shahi (17020243020) Date:10 th September, 2017 Presented By MBA-E&E 2017-19 Vivek Gundraniya (17020243009) Aditya Rajopadhye (17020243010) Arzaan Dordi (17020243014) Gaurav Sahay (17020243015) Neelima Shahi (17020243020)

2. Table of Contents Introduction of Hydrogen as a fuel History of Hydrogen Development of Hydrogen in World Development of Hydrogen in India Government Policies Conclusion References 2

3. Hydrogen Hydrogen (H2) is available in abundance in the environment. It is stored in water, hydrocarbons and other organic matter. Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier with favourable characteristics since it does not release any CO2 at the point of use as a clean fuel or energy source, and can play an important role in the transition to a clean, low-carbon, energy system. Hydrogen technologies and products have significantly progressed over past years and are now being introduced to the market. The calorific value of Hydrogen (H2) is 33889 kcal/ kg

4. Comparison of Hydrogen with other fuels Parameter Hydrogen Natural Gas Petrol LPG Calorific Value (MJ/Kg) 120-142 49-54 41-44 46-50 Density at standard conditions (Kg/cu.m) 0.08 0.6 720-780 510 Phase at Standard conditions Gas Gas Liquid Liquid Auto Ignition tempratures in degrees 566-582 5.3-15 1.4-7.6 2.2-9.5 Diffusion Coefficient (sq.cm/sec.) 0.61 0.16 0.05 0.11 Comparison of Hydrogen with other fuels

5. Hydrogen Source Source of Hydrogen % of H2 produced by the specified method Natural Gas 48% Oil 30% Coal 18% Water 4% Hydrogen is available from a variety of sources. The percentage of hydrogen produced by specific source are given below: Source: MNRE

6. 6 Hydrogen Sources

7. Methods of producing Hydrogen Steam Methane Reforming Partial Oxidation Auto-Thermal Reforming Methanol Reforming Pyrolysis, Oxidation and Reduction of Biomass Electrolysis of water F ermentation of Organic Materials Thermochemical Splitting of Water

8. The estimated hydrogen production and consumption in the country during 2007-08 as per a study undertaken by the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun Sector Estimated Production during 2007-08 ( Million Tonnes / Year) Utilization during 2007-08 ( Million Tonnes / Year) Fertilizer Industry            1.99 1.99 (Captive Use) Petroleum Refineries        1.69 1.462 (Captive use) Chlor Alkali Industry 0.073 0.064 Total 3.753 3.516 Source: MNRE Hydrogen Production in India

9. Hydrogen can be stored physically as either a gas or a liquid. Storage of hydrogen as a gas typically requires high-pressure tanks (350–700 bar tank pressure). Storage of hydrogen as a liquid requires cryogenic temperatures because the boiling point of hydrogen at one atmosphere pressure is −252.8°C. Hydrogen can also be stored on the surfaces of solids (by adsorption) or within solids (by absorption). Hydrogen Storage

10. Hydrogen Storage High-pressure gas cylinders (up to 800 bar) Liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 210 K) Physi-sorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific surface area Chemi-sorbed on interstitial sites in host metals and Inter-metallic Chemically bonded in covalent and ionic compounds Oxidation of reactive metals such as. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn with water

11. FCTO conducts research and development activities to advance hydrogen storage systems technology and develop novel hydrogen storage materials. By 2020, FCTO aims to develop and verify onboard automotive hydrogen storage systems. Specific system targets include the following: 1.5 kWh/kg system (4.5 wt.% hydrogen) 1.0 kWh/L system (0.030 kg hydrogen/L) $10/kWh ($333/kg stored hydrogen capacity).

12. Collaborating to make Fuel Cells and Hydrogen an everyday reality- Belgium Change in Japan’s energy policy and prospects of hydrogen energy in Japan Advances and Progress in the US DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Renewable hydrogen: Decarbonising solution for the transport and fuel sectors -Belgium Concentrated Solar Radiation – An option for large scale renewable hydrogen production-Germany Fuel cell buses in Europe: Latest developments and commercialisation pathway Development of Hydrogen in World

13. Converting the UK gas distribution network from natural gas to 100% hydrogen – H21 Leeds City Gate The cryo-compressed hydrogen storage designed and built for automotive applications-Germany Multigas field analyser directly measures pollutants at HRS for ISO 14687-2-France Dynamic simulation software for prediction of hydrogen temperature and pressure during refueling process-Japan Hydrogen refuelling station network and route optimisation of trucked-in hydrogen in Germany Efficient hydrogen production for industry and electricity storage via high-temperature electrolysis-Germany

14. United States • Largest hydrogen fuelling market (>50 FCV Stations. >40%) • Large share of forklift, bus and automotive fuelling market. (>60 dispenser, >25 Stations) • Newest bus fuelling station supports up to 12 FC buses in Ohio Locations Europe • Automotive stations primarily in the UK and Germany • Bus fueling in London and Cologne • Material handling demonstration with Daimler in Germany • Submarine fueling in 5 countries via unique Dual Phase Trailer

15. Air Products is involved in EU funded engineering study NEWBUSFUEL in Hamburg and London. Dual Phase Trailer (including CHC+ Vaporizer) Asia • Current focus is on Japan, Korea, China and India. • Recently started up first FCV station in Japan for JX Nippon Oil - AP collaborates with Nippon Steel and Suzuki Shokan in Japan

16. ICEF 2016-Hydrogen Energy

17. ICEF 2016-Hydrogen Energy

18. ICEF 2016-Hydrogen Energy

19. The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources has supported demonstration projects through Indian Oil Corporation and Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers. The first demonstration project was for setting up a hydrogen dispensing station by the Indian Oil Corporation at their own petrol pump at Dwarka, New Delhi. The dispensing station has been commissioned during 2008-09 and has an electrolysers with 5 Nm 3 /hr hydrogen production capacity (about 11 kg/day). Hydrogen produced from the eletrolyser is being  blended with CNG for use in demonstration and test vehicles. The project is expected to help in acquiring working experience in handling hydrogen for use in vehicles and also provide field performance feed back on hydrogen-CNG blends as a fuel in automobiles. Initiatives by India

20. The second demonstration project is being implemented by the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) in association with five automobile manufacturers (Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland, Eicher Motors, Mahindra and Mahindra and Bajaj Auto) and Indian Oil Corporation would demonstrate use of hydrogen (up to 30%) blend with CNG in automobiles. Three buses, two cars and two three wheelers are part of the project and would be used for field trials based on 18% hydrogen (by volume) blended with CNG. The project involves modifications in engine and fuel injection system. Existing hydrogen-CNG dispensing station set up by India Oil Corporation at Faridabad is being used for filling hydrogen-CNG blends in the test vehicles. The project would help in optimization of engine performance and blend ratio of hydrogen with CNG. The criteria for optimization would be the best efficiency and lowest NO x Initiatives by India

21. Development of Hydrogen Energy in India Hydrogen energy is at present only at the Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) stage. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is supporting a broad based RD&D projects on different aspects of hydrogen energy technologies including hydrogen production, its storage and utilization for stationary, motive and portable power generation applications using internal combustion engines and fuel cell technologies. The focus of RD&D efforts in this area is directed towards development of new materials, processes, components, sub-systems and systems.

22. As a result of RD&D efforts made in the area of hydrogen energy, laboratory level prototypes of hydrogen fueled motorcycles, three wheelers, engine-generator sets, and water/methanol electrolysers for hydrogen production have been developed. About 15 hydrogen fueled motorcycles are being demonstrated in the campus of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Hydrogen catalytic combustion cookers have been developed. Facilities for dispensing hydrogen blended compressed natural gas fuel have been set up in Faridabad and Delhi. The Ministry of Science and Technology, CSIR Laboratories, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Defense Research & Development Organizations, Indian Space Research Organization, Oil & Gas companies, Department of Atomic Energy and private sector automobile companies   are also involved in the research, development and demonstration programme related to hydrogen

23. Ongoing Projects A Novel process for production of hydrogen from renewable and fossil fuel based liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons by non-thermal plasma reformation technique (CIMFR, Dhanbad) Development and Demonstration of hydrogen fuelled three wheelers (BHU, Varanasi) Development and Demonstration of Diesel Hydrogen Dual Fuel SUV (Mahindra & Mahindra, Chengalpattu) Mission Mode Project on Hydrogen Production through Biological Routes (IIT Kharagpur) Mission Mode Project on Hydrogen Storage Materials (Hydrides) : R&D (BHU, Varanasi) Mission Mode Project on Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Materials (IIT Madras, Chennai)

24. Mission Mode Project on Development and Demonstration of hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engines for vehicles (IIT Delhi) Investigation on bio-hydrogen production by thermo-chemical method in fluidized bed gasifier under catalytic support and its utilisation (NIT, Calicut) Bio-inspired catalysts for the reversible conversion H + + e - → ½ H 2 (IACS, Kolkata) Development of hydrogen refuelling facility for demonstration of fuel cell vehicles (R&D Centre, IOCL, Faridabad) Design & application of carbon based hetero atom modified nano -porous materials for hydrogen storage (IIT Guwahati) Development of efficient hydrogen supply system through liquid organic hydrides (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur)

25. Government Policies In 2006, India constituted a National Hydrogen Energy Board and readied a National Hydrogen Energy Road Map (NHERM) to accelerate the development of the hydrogen energy sector. The NHERM covered all aspects of hydrogen energy use such as its production, storage, transport, delivery, application, codes and standards, public awareness and capacity building, and formed the basis of India’s hydrogen energy programme . India has set up the target of one million vehicles based on hydrogen energy and 1000 MW of power generating capacity based on hydrogen energy by 2020. A budget allocation of Rs.2,765 crore in total till 2022 for adoption of hydrogen as fuel.

26. Government’s Plan for Hydrogen Energy

27. Benefits of using Hydrogen as Fuel Hydrogen can be used as fuel in automobile When burnt, hydrogen produces water as a by-product.  It is, therefore, not only an efficient energy carrier but a clean and environmentally benign fuel as well. Hydrogen can substitute petrol and diesel can and therefore, reduce our dependence on imports.  Hydrogen is used as a fuel in aeronautical industry (rockets)

28. Drawbacks of hydrogen as fuel Electrolysis and steam reforming, the two main processes of hydrogen extraction are extremely expensive. Hydrogen needs to be stored under very high pressure (350-700 psi). Compared to gas, hydrogen lacks smell, which makes any leak detection almost impossible. Hydrogen also presents challenges when considering moving it in large quantities, which is why it’s mostly only transported in small batches.

29. Drawbacks of hydrogen as fuel Hydrogen is an energy carrier rather than an energy source. While hydrogen always exists in conjunction with other elements, such as in water, it must be separated from these elements and is therefore considered an energy carrier, as opposed to an energy source. Existing infrastructure has not been built to accommodate hydrogen fuel  

30. Applications of hydrogen Petroleum refining Glass purification Semiconductor manufacturing Aerospace applications Fertilizer production New markets are emerging for industrial trucks (e.g., forklifts) and passenger cars powered by hydrogen fuel cells.  Aerospace applications Fertilizer production Welding, annealing and heat-treating metals Pharmaceuticals For hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oil

31. As discussed, Hydrogen is a fuel having a high heat value and benefits of being a green fuel. Also with increased focus by countries across the world in R&D of extracting hydrogen, it is certain that Hydrogen would be the fuel of the future. Hydrogen storage is still the major issue of concern, and lot of work is still expected on this sector Considering Indian economy, switching to hydrogen will surely decrease the oil imports of nation and dependency on other nations for energy resource supply. Conclusion

32. http://www.mnre.gov.in http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/abridged-nherm.pdf http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/hydrogen/tech.html https://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/hydrogen.html http://mnre.gov.in/schemes/new-technologies/hydrogen-energy/ References

33. Thank You!