HYDROLOGY AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE.pptx

HYDROLOGY

1. HYDROLOGY CE 101 HYDROLOGY BSCE – 3A | GROUP 1 and the HYDROLOGic cycle

2. OBJECTIVES At the end of the discussions, students should be able to: Differentiate hydrology from hydraulics; Discuss the hydrologic cycle; Describe the interrelationships of the phases involved in the hydrologic cycle; Identify the watershed area in a locality; and Describe the weather basics. DURA

3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HYDROLOGY and HYDRAULICS

4. HYDROLOGY It is the science that deals with the occurrence, circulation and distribution of water of the earth and the earth’s atmosphere. It is concerned with the water in streams and lakes, rainfall and snowfall, snow and ice on the land and water occurring below the earth’s surface in the pores of the soil and rocks.

5. 3 states of water Liquid Gas Solid HYDROLOGY

6. Hydrology is sometimes classified as: SCIENTIFIC HYDROLOGY - It is the study which concerned chiefly with academic aspects. HYDROLOGY 2. ENGINEERING / APPLIED HYDROLOGY - It is a study concerned with engineering applications.

7. HYDROLOGY VS HYDRAULICS HYDROLOGY - The study or science of transforming rainfall amount into quantity of runoff. HYDROLOGY HYDRAULICS - The study or science of the motion of liquids in relation to disciplines such as fluid mechanics and fluid dynamics. DURA

8. THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE and HUMAN IMPACT ACE & ALVAR

9. It is the central focus of hydrology. Journey of water from the ocean to atmosphere and back to the earth and ultimately to the ocean through the processes of evaporation, precipitation, percolation, runoff and return to the ocean. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

10. TRANSPORTATION COMPONENTS HYDROLOGIC CYCLE EVAPORATION Physical process by which water is vaporized into the atmosphere from free water surface and land areas. CONDENSATION It is the process where water vapor becomes liquid. It is the reverse action of evaporation, where liquid water becomes a vapor. PRECIPITATION Includes rain, snow and other forms of water falling from the atmosphere into the land and oceans. TRANSPIRATION Water from the soil is absorbed by plant roots and eventually discharged into the atmosphere through little pores in the leaves called stomata.

11. TRANSPORTATION COMPONENTS HYDROLOGIC CYCLE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Combined process by which water is transferred to the atmosphere from open water surfaces and vegetation. INFILTRATION Movement of water from the land surface to the upper layers of the soil. PERCOLATION Movement of water through the subsurface down to the water table. OVERLAND FLOW Portion of runoff that travels over the surface to the upper layers of the soil.

12. TRANSPORTATION COMPONENTS HYDROLOGIC CYCLE SURFACE RUNOFF Includes all overland flow as well as precipitation falling directly onto stream channels.

13. Humans directly change the dynamics of water cycle through direct manipulation. HUMAN IMPACT ON HYDROLOGICAL CYLCE DIRECTLY INDIRECTLY Humans indirectly impact the water cycle through the actions that contribute to global warming.

14. URBANIZATION DEFORESTATION and LAND USE CHANGES

15. DAM CONSTRUCTION and RESERVOIR CREATION GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION

16. AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES CLIMATE CHANGE (Anthropogenic)

17. WATER POLLUTION CHANNELIZATION & FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES

18. INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFERS URBAN WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

19. To address these impacts, civil engineers employ various strategies: Low Impact Development (LID) and Green Infrastructure to mimic natural hydrology in urban areas Sustainable Urban Drainage (SUDS) for better stormwater management Water – sensitive urban design to integrate water cycle management in city planning Restorations of wetlands and floodplains to enhance natural water retention and filtration Improve irrigation efficiency and water conservation measures in agriculture Manage aquifer recharge to counteract groundwater depletion Ecosystem – based adaptation strategies to enhance resilience to climate change impacts ACE & ALVAR

20. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, PRECIPITATION, INFILTRATION/PERCOLATION, SURFACE OR SUBSURFACE RUNOFF, GROUNDWATER PHSYKIE, RANARA, MARLON

21. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION It is the process in which a liquid changes to the gaseous state at the free surface, below the boiling point through the transfer of heat energy. EVAPORATION TRANSPIRATION It is the process by which water leaves the body of a living plant and reaches the atmosphere as water vapor.

22. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: It is the sum of evaporation from the land surface plus transpiration from plants. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

23. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: HEAT ENERGY TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY NET RADIATION Parameters which influence EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

24. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: Parameters which influence EVAPOTRANSPIRATION HEAT ENERGY TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY NET RADIATION It is the result of the movement of tiny particles, called the atoms. 2 sources of heat: sensible heat & latent heat

25. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: Parameters which influence EVAPOTRANSPIRATION HEAT ENERGY TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY NET RADIATION It is the result of the movement of tiny particles, called the atoms. 2 sources of heat: sensible heat & latent heat It is the total energy that is available to influence the climate. Positive net radiation, negative net radiation, & balanced net radiation.

26. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: Parameters which influence EVAPOTRANSPIRATION HEAT ENERGY TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY NET RADIATION It is the result of the movement of tiny particles, called the atoms. 2 sources of heat: sensible heat & latent heat It is the total energy that is available to influence the climate. Positive net radiation, negative net radiation, & balanced net radiation. It is the amount of water vapor present in air. If there is a lot of water vapor in the air, the humidity will be high. If the air around the plants is too humid, the transpiration and evaporation rates drop.

27. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: Parameters which influence EVAPOTRANSPIRATION HEAT ENERGY TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY NET RADIATION It is the result of the movement of tiny particles, called the atoms. 2 sources of heat: sensible heat & latent heat It is the total energy that is available to influence the climate. Positive net radiation, negative net radiation, & balanced net radiation. It is the amount of water vapor present in air. If there is a lot of water vapor in the air, the humidity will be high. If the air around the plants is too humid, the transpiration and evaporation rates drop. Higher evaporating surface, higher the temperature, higher is the rate of evapotranspiration.

28. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: It is the water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow or hail. PRECIPITATION

29. TYPES OF PRECIPITATION CONVECTIONAL PRECIPITATION OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION CYCLONIC HYDROLOGIC CYCLE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

30. TYPES OF PRECIPITATION CONVECTIONAL PRECIPITATION HYDROLOGIC CYCLE It results from the heating of the earth’s surface. Due to this, the warm air rises rapidly into the atmosphere. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

31. TYPES OF PRECIPITATION CONVECTIONAL PRECIPITATION OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION CYCLONIC HYDROLOGIC CYCLE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

32. TYPES OF PRECIPITATION OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION HYDROLOGIC CYCLE It results when a warm moist air moving across the ocean is forced to rise by large mountains. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

33. TYPES OF PRECIPITATION CONVECTIONAL PRECIPITATION OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION CYCLONIC HYDROLOGIC CYCLE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

34. TYPES OF PRECIPITATION CYCLONIC HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Or Frontal precipitation when a warm, tropical air mass comes in contact with a cold, polar air mass. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

35. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: It consists of drops usually greater than 0.02 – in. diameter. FORMS OF PRECIPITATION It is a precipitation in the form of ice crystals resulting from sublimation. It consists of waterdrops under 0.02 – in. diameter, and its intensity is usually less than 0.04 in./hr. RAIN SNOW DRIZZLE HAIL SLEET GLAZE It is precipitation in the form of balls or lumps of ice over 0.2 – in. diameter formed by alternate freezing and melting as they are carried up and down in highly turbulent air current. It is frozen raindrops cooled to the ice stage while falling through air at subfreezing temperatures. It is the ice coating formed when drizzle or rain freezes as it comes in contact with cold objects at the ground.

36. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: it is when water enters the ground surface but doesn’t come out thus increasing the moisture content of the soil. INFILTRATION / PERCOLATION INFILTRATION PERCOLATION it is when water enters the ground surface and travels thru the soil to finally join the ground water reserves.

37. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: Soil texture and structure Conditions at soil surface Soil – moisture content Type of vegetative cover Soil temperature Human activities Factors affecting Infiltration/Percolation

38. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: RUNOFF It means the drainage or flowing off of precipitation from a catchment area through a surface channel. It thus represent the output from the catchment in a given unit of time.

39. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: Two types of RUNOFF SURFACE RUNOFF SUBSURFACE RUNOFF

40. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: (also known as overload flow ) Is the flow of water occurring on the ground surface when excess rainwater, stormwater, or other sources can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil. Two types of RUNOFF SURFACE RUNOFF

41. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: It occurs when the rate rainfall or snowmelt is greater than the infiltration capacity. Types of SURFACE RUNOFF It occurs when the soil becomes saturated and there is no longer any space for water to infiltrate INFILTRATION EXCESS FLOW SATURATION EXCESS FLOW

42. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: Two types of RUNOFF SURFACE RUNOFF SUBSURFACE RUNOFF

43. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: (also known as interflow ) is the water that infiltrates vadose zone (unsaturated zone) from rain, or other sources and moves laterally towards the streams. Two types of RUNOFF SUBSURFACE RUNOFF

44. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: GROUNDWATER

45. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: It is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. GROUNDWATER PHSYKIE, RANARA, MARLON

46. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: Porosity is the amount of open pore space in rock, sediment, or soil. Permeability is ability of water to flow through rock, sediment, or soil. GROUNDWATER PHSYKIE, RANARA, MARLON

47. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: Aquifer is  a body of rock and/or sediment that holds groundwater . It store drinking water and act as and act as natural filters. We tap into these sources of drinking water using wells. GROUNDWATER PHSYKIE, RANARA, MARLON

48. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: Near the surface is the zone of aeration where pore spaces contain both air and water. Below the zone of aeration the pores are filled with water called as zone of saturation , or the groundwater. The water table is the boundary between these two layers. GROUNDWATER PHSYKIE, RANARA, MARLON

49. PHILLIPINE WATERSHEDS: DELINEATION of DRAINAGE AREA, SUB – BASING or PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DETERMINATION LINGO, IANA & JELAY

50. WATERSHED It is defined as any surface area from which runoff resulting from rainfall is collected and drained through a common point. It is synonymous with drainage basin or catchment area. In short, a watershed is an area of land where all of the water that is under it, or drains off of it collects into the same place (e.g.) The River. LINGO,

51. WATERSHED

52. Parts of WATERSHED Precipitation headwater groundwater estuary distributaries Flood plain Ridgeline / watershed divide tributary

53. Precipitation headwater tributary - water that falls to the earth as rain and snow that flows into streams and is absorbed into the ground for plants to take up in their roots. - are the places where streams begin, usually the highest point. - small streams flow into one another to make larger streams. Larger streams join to form rivers.

54. Parts of WATERSHED Precipitation headwater groundwater estuary distributaries Flood plain Ridgeline / watershed divide tributary

55. Ridgeline / watershed divide Flood plain - is the top edge of the mountain that divides one watershed from another. - border areas on each side of a river, which allows water to spill out / overflow at times of high flow.

56. Parts of WATERSHED Precipitation headwater groundwater estuary distributaries Flood plain Ridgeline / watershed divide tributary

57. distributaries estuary groundwater - a stream or river that branch off of the main or parent river. - is the area where the river meets the ocean. Fresh water from the river and salt water from the ocean mix here. - water that is located beneath the surface of the earth in pores in the soil.

58. WATERSHEDS in the PHILIPPINES The Philippines has 412 principal river basins in 119 proclaimed watersheds. Of these, 19 are considered major river basins. There are also 11 watersheds reservations in the Philippines that supports power generation which are located in the Northern and Southern Luzon and Mindanao. Main Function of a Watershed It is the production of a continuous water supply that would maintain the lifeforms within it and in the area fed by its stream, IANA

59. Examples of WATERSHED in the PHILIPPINES PANTABANGAN – CARRANGLAN – it is the 3 rd largest watershed in the Philippines. located in the upper reaches of Pampanga River in Nueva Ecija borders the Sierra Madre & Caraballo Mountain in Aurora and Nueva Ecija 84, 500 hectares area of the watershed surrounding the Pantabangan Lake, an impoundment of Pampanga River by the Pantabangan Dam.

60. Examples of WATERSHED in the PHILIPPINES LAKE LANAO WATERSHED Consists of the Lake Lanao Watershed and Lanao Del Sur portion of the Agus River Watershed Top 1 largest watershed in the Philippines Located in the Province of Lanao del Sur of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao 180, 460 hectares area of watershed

61. Watershed delineation is the process of identifying the boundary of a watershed, also referred to as catchment, drainage basin, or river basin. Drainage area of a watershed is considered the most important parameter of it. It reflects the volume of water that can be generated from rainfall and that is available for runoff. DELINEATION OF A DRAINAGE AREA

62. Locate the river, lake, stream, wetland, or other waterbodies of interest. Trace the watercourse from its mouth, including the tributaries. Examine the brown lines on the topographic map that are near the watercourse. Contour lines spaced very close together indicate dramatic changes. Check the slope of the landscape by locating two adjacent contour lines and determine their respective elevations. Mark the Break Points surrounding the waterbody and determine the direction of drainage in the area. Connect the break points with a line following the highest elevations in the area. Creating a boundary that represents the contributing area for a particular control point or outlet. WATERSHED DELINEATION STEPS

63. DEM Bases (Automatic Delineation) DELINEATION METHODS Manual Delineation

64. Sub – basin is a structural geologic feature where a basin forms within a larger basin. It is sometimes spelled “sub basin” . It is basically a smaller watershed that makes up a piece of the large watershed. SUB-BASING or PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DETERMINATION JELAY

65. The description of watershed in terms of area, slope, shape, drainage density, aspect, relief, land use and soil characteristics, etc.. The physical properties of a watershed influence to a large degree of its hydrological responses and especially the flow regime during floods and periods of drought. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A WATERSHED

66. WATERSHED AREA – is defined as the area contained within the vertical projection of the drainage divide on a horizontal plane. It determines the quantity of rainfall received, retained, and disposed off (runoff). PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A WATERSHED Sub – components: Stream areas – are those areas that would constitute the area draining to a predetermined point in the stream or outlet. Inter – basin areas – are the surface elements contributing floe directly to streams of order higher than 1. WATERSHED SHAPE Watershed differ in their shape based on morphometric parameters. Its either square, rectangle, triangle, oval, etc.. A frequently occurring shape is a pear shape in plain view.

67. DRAINAGE DENSITY – the total length of all streams and rivers in a drainage basin divided by the total area of the drainage basin. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A WATERSHED WATERSHED SLOPE – reflects the rate of change of elevation with respect to distance along the principal flow path. LAND USE – type of land use, its extent and management are the key factors, which affects watershed behavior. Judicious land use by users [human being] is of vital importance to watershed management and functioning.

68. THANK YOU! CE 101 HYDROLOGY BSCE – 3A | GROUP 1 LINGO, IANA & JELAY