Hydrology_Presentation_for_Exam_Studies.pptx

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1. Introduction to Hydrology Key Concepts and Applications Prepared for Exam Studies

2. 1. Introduction to Hydrology 1.1 Definition of Hydrology Hydrology is an earth science that deals with the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water on Earth and its atmosphere. It encompasses water in streams, lakes, precipitation, snow, and underground water systems. Hydrology is an interdisciplinary science, drawing from meteorology, geology, physics, and more. It is also divided into Scientific Hydrology (academic) and Engineering Hydrology (applied).

3. 1.2 Applications of Engineering Hydrology Engineering hydrology applies to water resource engineering, studying the distribution and movement of water. 1.2.1 Features of Hydrology: 1) Estimation of water resources 2) Study of the hydrological cycle 3) Flood and drought mitigation. 1.2.2 Scope includes flood prediction, water yield estimation, groundwater study, and storm intensity calculation.

4. 1.3 Hydrologic Cycle The hydrologic cycle is a continuous process involving evaporation, precipitation, runoff, and groundwater movement. Water evaporates from oceans, forms clouds, and precipitates onto land as rain or snow. A portion infiltrates the soil or becomes runoff, returning to the ocean.

5. Components of the Hydrologic Cycle 1. Precipitation 2. Runoff 3. Evaporation 4. Transpiration 5. Infiltration 6. Soil moisture storage 7. Groundwater storage

6. 1.4 Water Budget Water budgets evaluate the availability and sustainability of water. Changes in water storage are influenced by inflows and outflows, such as precipitation and runoff. Water-Budget Equation: ΔI - ΔO = ΔS, where ΔI = inflow, ΔO = outflow, and ΔS = change in storage.

7. Example: Water Budget Calculation Example 1: Atmospheric Water Residence Time Volume of atmospheric water: 12,900 km³ Evapotranspiration: 577,000 km³/year Residence time = Volume/Flow Rate = 8.2 days Example 2: Reservoir Inflow/Outflow Initial storage: 60 m³, Storage change: ΔS = -5 m³ Final storage: 55 m³

8. 1.5 World Water Balance The world’s total water volume is 1386 million km³. About 96.5% is saline water in the oceans, and only 2.5% is fresh water. Of the fresh water, 68.6% is frozen in glaciers and polar ice, leaving only a small percentage available for human use.