Hypertension

1. Hypertension
Dr Urmila Aswar

2. Location of the Heart
The heart is located between the lungs
behind the sternum and above the
diaphragm.
It is surrounded by the pericardium.
Its size is about that of a fist, and its weight
is about 250-300 g.
Its center is located about 1.5 cm to the left
of the midsagittal plane.

3. Anatomy of heart

4. Anatomy of the heart
The walls of the heart
are composed of
cardiac muscle, called
myocardium.
It consists of four
compartments:
the right and left atria
and ventricles

5. Blood circulation via heart
•Thebloodreturnsfromthesystemiccirculationtotheright
atriumandfromtheregoesthroughthetricuspidvalvetotheright
ventricle.
•Itisejectedfromtherightventriclethroughthepulmonaryvalve
tothelungs.
•Oxygenatedbloodreturnsfromthelungstotheleftatrium,and
fromtherethroughthemitralvalvetotheleftventricle.
•Finallybloodispumpedthroughtheaorticvalvetotheaortaand
thesystemiccirculation..

6. Hypertension
Hypertensionmeanshighbloodpressure.High
bloodpressureisanincreasedpressureinblood
vessels.
Itcanbecausedbymanyfactorssuchasstress,
highcholesterol,andinactivity.Itisclassified
intomild,moderate,andseverehypertension.
Themild,moderate,orseverehypertension,
haveanincreasedriskofhavingaheartattack
orastroke.

7. Types of hypertension
In90-95%ofpatientspresentingwith
hypertension,thecauseisunknown.This
conditioniscalledprimary(oressential)
hypertension.Theremaining5-10%of
hypertensivepatientshavehypertensionthat
resultssecondarilyfromrenaldisease,endocrine
disorders,orotheridentifiablecauses.Thisform
ofhypertensioniscalledsecondary
hypertension.

8. Hemodynamicbasisofhypertension
Bloodpressurelevelsareafunctionof
cardiacoutputmultipliedbyperipheral
resistance(theresistanceintheblood
vesselstotheflowofblood).
Heartrate,strokevolume
Vasculartone

9. Hypertension

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12. Hypertension
The major factors which help maintain
blood pressure (BP) include the
sympathetic nervous system and the
kidneys.
Optimal healthy blood pressure is a systolic
blood pressure of <120 mmHg and a
diastolic blood pressure of <80
<120/80.

13. Hypertension
Category Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
Normal < 120 <80
Pre-hypertension120-139 80-89
Hypertension –
Stage 1
140-159 90-99
Hypertension –
Stage 2
>160 >100

14. Hypertension
As many as 2.8 million children also have
high blood pressure.
The prevalence of hypertension increases
with age.

15. Prevalence of Hypertension by
Age
Age
18-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80+
% Hypertensive
4
11
21
44
54
64
65

16. Hypertension
When the normal regulatory mechanisms
fail, hypertension develops.
Hypertension is dangerous because it gives
off no warning signs or symptoms.

17. Untreated hypertension can result in:
Arteriosclerosis--Kidney damage
Heart Attack --Stroke
Enlarged heart --Blindness

18. Factors Influencing the Development of
Hypertension
High-normal blood pressure
Family history of hypertension
Overweight

19. Factors Influencing the Development of
Hypertension
Excess Consumption of Sodium Chloride
Certain segments of the population
are ‘salt sensitive’because their
blood pressure is affected by salt
consumption

20. Factors Influencing the Development of
Hypertension
Exercise: Less active
individualsare30-50%more
likelytodevelophypertension.
Alcoholconsumption

21. Factors Influencing the Development of
Hypertension
Other Dietary Factors
Potassium:
Calcium:
Magnesium:

22. Treatment for Hypertension
Maintain a healthy weight, lose weight if
overweight.
Be more physically active.
Drink alcoholic beverages in moderation.
Reduce the intake of salt and sodium in the
diet to approximately 2400 mg/day.