hypotension ppt.pptx

slide share on hypotension

1. GOOD EVENING

2. PRESENTATION ON HYPOTENSION PRESENTED BY Mrs. Mathivathani .M M.Sc (N)2 ND YEAR V.C.O.N

3. Hypotension  is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood.

4. Low blood pressure means that blood pressure is lower (less than 90/60 mm Hg) than normal (<120/80 mm Hg) called hypotension. DEFINITION

5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

6. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS INCREASED PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE IMPEDING RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW REDUCED LEFT VENTRICULAR PRELOAD DIMINISHED CARDIAC OUTPUT HYPOTENSION

7. Chest pain Shortness of breath Irregular heart beat fever higher than 38.3 °C (101 °F) stiff neck severe upper back pain Cough with sputum CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

8. Dyspepsia (indigestion) Dysuria (painful urination) adverse effect of medications acute, life-threatening allergic reaction Headache Loss of consciousness profound fatigue temporary blurring or loss of vision

9. History collection Physical examination DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION

10. COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT Reveals anaemia from blood loss or elevated WBCs due to infection

11. BLOOD ELECTROLYTES MEASUREMENTS Shows dehydration and mineral depletion, renal failure or acidosis.

12. BLOOD AND URINE CULTURE Diagnose septicaemia and bladder infections

13. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM Detect abnormal slow or rapid heart beats, pericarditis

14. HOLTER MONITOR RECORDINGS Diagnose bradycardia or tachycardia

15. ECHOCARDIOGRAM Detect pericardial fluid, disease of heart valves and rare tumours of heart.

16. MANAGEMENT

17. Nursing diagnosis Decreased cardiac output related to ischemia as evidenced by arrhythmias, fatigue, and edema. Nursing interventions Monitor for symptoms of heart failure and decreased cardiac output, including diminished quality of peripheral pulses, cool skin and extremities Listen to heart sounds; note rate, rhythm Observe for confusion, restlessness, agitation, dizziness. Central nervous system disturbances may be noted with decreased cardiac output. NURSING MANAGEMENT

18. NURSING DIAGNOSIS Deficient fluid volume related to failure of regulatory mechanisms as evidenced by decreased urine output. NURSING INTERVENTIONS Watch for early signs of hypovolemia, including weakness, muscle cramps. Late signs include oliguria ; abdominal or chest pain; Monitor total fluid intake and output every 8 hours and every hour for the unstable client. Watch trends in output for 3 days; include all routes of intake and output and note color and specific gravity of urine. Monitor daily weight Weigh client on same scale with same type of clothing at same time of day, preferably before breakfast.

19. Nursing diagnosis Activity intolerance related to insufficient physiological or psychological energy . Nursing interventions Encourage progressive activity/self care when tolerated Provide assistance as needed Instruct patient in energy conserving techniques, e.g. using chair when showering, sitting to brush teeth or comb hair.

20. BIBLIOGRAPHY Lewis, medical-surgical nursing, 1st edition, elsevier publication, page no. 798-803 Black. M.joyce , medical –surgical nursing, volume 2, 8th edition, elsevier publication, page no. 1482-1485 Brunner and suddarths , textbook of medical-surgical nursing, volume1, 13th edition, wolterskluwer publication, page no.1006-1008 William S.linda , et all, medical-surgical nursing, 4th edition, jaypee publication, page no.928-930