IB Chemistry Option B 1 Introduction.pptx

IB Chemistry Option B Biochemistry Introduction

1. Option B Biochemistry Higher level IB CHEMISTRY

2. B.1 Introduction to biochemistry OBJECTIVES • The diverse functions of biological molecules depend on their structures and shapes. • Metabolic reactions take place in highly controlled aqueous environments. • Reactions of breakdown are called catabolism and reactions of synthesis are called anabolism. • Biopolymers form by condensation reactions and are broken down by hydrolysis reactions. • Photosynthesis is the synthesis of energy-rich molecules from carbon dioxide and water using light energy. • Respiration is a complex set of metabolic processes providing energy for cells. • Explanation of the difference between condensation and hydrolysis reactions. • The use of summary equations of photosynthesis and respiration to explain the potential balancing of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. (Intermediates of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis are not required.)

3. Classification of biomolecules Anabolic - complex molecules from smaller inorganic or organic substances Catabolic - complex molecules broken to smaller fragments

4. Macro and micro-bioelements in the human body C6H12O6 Bones Synapse Electric conduction in a neuron NaCl Enzymes DNA RNA

5. It is the primary chemical element in all biologically important molecules 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 High energy = stable molecule

6. Types of biochemical reactions C ondensation Hydrolysis Oxidation Reduction They are very fast due to enzymes . Enzymes are highly specific and efficient catalysts . They occur in an aqueous environment ( cytoplasm ) where most reactants , products & enzymes are water soluble About biochemical reactions

7. Condensation and Hydrolysis Anabolic Catabolic

8. Oxidation and reduction Oxidation Reduction Gain oxygen Loss of oxygen Loss of hydrogen Gain of hydrogen Loss of electrons Gain of electrons Combination with O Combination with H Oxidation or reduction ? Why ? Example 1

9. Oxidation and reduction Oxidation Reduction Gain oxygen Loss of oxygen Loss of hydrogen Gain of hydrogen Loss of electrons Gain of electrons Combination with O Combination with H Oxidation or reduction ? Why ? Example 2

10. IB question Oxidation Reduction Gain oxygen Loss of oxygen Loss of hydrogen Gain of hydrogen Loss of electrons Gain of electrons Combination with O Combination with H

11. IB question - Answer

12. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS NO O 2 YES O 2

13. Metabolic pathways A Metabolic pathway is a sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound or class of compounds in a living organism Pathways of photosynthesis

14. Cell respiration

15. Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways

16. Photosynthesis , respiration and the atmosphere These 2 processes are responsable for the balance between O 2 and CO 2 Level of CO 2 has remained almost constant over the past half million years Human activities are increading levels of CO 2 in the atmosphere leading to problems : acidification of the ocean , global warming , climate change , lost of biodiversity , etc. Biochemical studies allow us to predict the impact of these changes on metabolism , life cycles (C cycle ) and on the survival of organisms including humans . CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 ( carbonic acid )

17. IB Question C 6 H 12 6 + 6O 2 = 6CO 2 + 6H 2 180g ----------------264g 135g----------------- xg X= 135g x 264g 12x6 + 1x12+16x6= 180g 12x6 + 16x12= X= 198g CO2