ICT math 2024 SSC and HSC students of BD

Math

1. Welcome to PowerPoint Computer Basic

2. The history of computer dated back to the period of scientific revolution (i.e. 1543 – 1678). The calculating machine invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 The history of the computer dates back to the 1800's,when many scientists began to develop various computing machines. However, the modern computer was developed in the 1930's,when Konrad Zuse created the first programmable computer, the Z1.Which could do additions and subtractions very quickly. 1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage (Father of Computer) conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. The project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More than a century later, however, the world's first computer was actually built . 1843: Ada Lovelace is considered to be the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer. Ada Lovelace is often credited with publishing the first algorithm intended for processing on a computer 1936 : Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas. 1941 : Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. This marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory.

3. 1943-1944: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). Considered the grandfather of digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes. UNIVAC, the first commercial computer for business and government applications. 1953 : Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes known as COBOL. 1954 : The FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for FORmula TRANslation , is developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus , according to the University of Michigan. 1958 : Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the computer chip. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his work. 1964 : Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI). 1975 : The January issue of Popular Electronics magazine features the Altair 8080, described as the "world's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models." Two "computer geeks," Paul Allen and Bill Gates , offer to write software for the Altair, using the new Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) language. On April 4, after the success of this first endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own software company, Microsoft. 1976 : Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers on April Fool's Day and roll out the Apple I, 1983 : Apple's Lisa is the first personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). It also features a drop-down menu and icons.

4. What is Computer? A  computer  is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to  store ,  retrieve , and  process  data. It takes inputs data from the input devices, stores and processed it and produces output. You may already know that you can use a computer to  type documents ,  send email ,  play games , and  browse the Web . You can also use it to edit or create  spreadsheets ,  presentations , and even  videos . What is Computer Science? Computer science (sometimes called computation science or computing science, but not to be confused with computational science or software engineering) is the study of processes that interact with data and that can be represented as data in the form of programs. It enables the use of algorithms to manipulate, store, and communicate digital information. A computer scientist studies the theory of computation and the practice of designing software systems.

5. The processes that can be applied to data are of two types − Arithmetic operations  − Examples include calculations like addition, subtraction, differentials, square root, etc. Logical operations  − Examples include comparison operations like greater than, less than, equal to, opposite, etc. The corresponding figure for an actual computer looks something like this −

6. Basic Part of a Computer The basic parts of a computer are as follows − Input Unit  − Devices like keyboard and mouse that are used to input data and instructions to the computer are called input unit. Output Unit  − Devices like printer and visual display unit that are used to provide information to the user in desired format are called output unit. Control Unit  − As the name suggests, this unit controls all the functions of the computer. All devices or parts of computer interact through the control unit. Arithmetic Logic Unit  − This is the brain of the computer where all arithmetic operations and logical operations take place. Memory  − All input data, instructions and data interim to the processes are stored in the memory. Memory is of two types –  primary memory  and  secondary memory . Primary memory resides within the CPU whereas secondary memory is external to it. Control unit, arithmetic logic unit and memory are together called the  central processing unit  or  CPU . Computer devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. that we can see and touch are the  hardware  components of a computer. The set of instructions or programs that make the computer function using these hardware parts are called  software . We cannot see or touch software. Both hardware and software are necessary for working of a computer.

7. Characteristics of Computer To understand why computers are such an important part of our lives, let us look at some of its characteristics − Speed  − Typically, a computer can carry out 3-4 million instructions per second. Accuracy  − Computers exhibit a very high degree of accuracy. Errors that may occur are usually due to inaccurate data, wrong instructions or bug in chips – all human errors. Reliability  − Computers can carry out same type of work repeatedly without throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom, which are very common among humans. Versatility  − Computers can carry out a wide range of work from data entry and ticket booking to complex mathematical calculations and continuous astronomical observations. If you can input the necessary data with correct instructions, computer will do the processing. Storage Capacity  − Computers can store a very large amount of data at a fraction of cost of traditional storage of files. Also, data is safe from normal wear and tear associated with paper.

8. Advantages & Disadvantages of Using Computer Advantages: Now that we know the characteristics of computers, we can see the advantages that computers offer− Computers can do the same task repetitively with same accuracy. Computers do not get tired or bored. Computers can take up routine tasks while releasing human resource for more intelligent functions. Disadvantages: Despite so many advantages, computers have some disadvantages of their own − Computers have no intelligence; they follow the instructions blindly without considering the outcome. Regular electric supply is necessary to make computers work, which could prove difficult everywhere especially in developing nations

9.  Classification Historically computers were classified according to processor types because development in processor and processing speeds were the developmental benchmarks. All modern computers and computing devices use microprocessors whose speeds and storage capacities are skyrocketing day by day. The developmental benchmark for computers is now their size. Computers are now classified on the basis of their use or size − Desktop Laptop Tablet Server Mainframe Supercomputer

10. Desktop Desktop  computers are  personal computers (PCs)  designed for use by an individual at a fixed location. IBM was the first computer to introduce and popularize use of desktops. A desktop unit typically has a CPU (Central Processing Unit), monitor, keyboard and mouse. Introduction of desktops popularized use of computers among common people as it was compact and affordable. Riding on the wave of desktop’s popularity many software and hardware devices were developed specially for the home or office user. The foremost design consideration here was user friendliness.

11. Laptop Despite its huge popularity, desktops gave way to a more compact and portable personal computer called laptop in 2000s. Laptops are also called  notebook computers  or simply  notebooks . Laptops run using batteries and connect to networks using Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) chips. They also have chips for energy efficiency so that they can conserve power whenever possible and have a longer life. Modern laptops have enough processing power and storage capacity to be used for all office work, website designing, software development and even audio/video editing.

12. Tablet After laptops computers were further miniaturized to develop machines that have processing power of a desktop but are small enough to be held in one’s palm. Tablets have touch sensitive screen of typically 5 to 10 inches where one finger is used to touch icons and invoke applications. Keyboard is also displayed virtually whenever required and used with touch strokes. Applications that run on tablets are called  apps . They use operating systems by Microsoft (Windows 8 and later versions) or Google (Android). Apple computers have developed their own tablet called  iPad  which uses a proprietary OS called  iOS .

13. Server Servers are computers with high processing speeds that provide one or more services to other systems on the  network . They may or may not have screens attached to them. A group of computers or digital devices connected together to share resources is called a  network . Servers have high processing powers and can handle multiple requests simultaneously. Most commonly found servers on networks include − File or storage server Game server Application server Database server Mail server Print server

14. Mainframe: Mainframe: Mainframes  are computers used by organizations like banks, airlines and railways to handle millions and trillions of online transactions per second. Important features of mainframes are − Big in size Hundreds times Faster than servers, typically hundred megabytes per second Very expensive Use proprietary OS provided by the manufacturers In-built hardware, software and firmware security features

15. Supercomputer Supercomputers  are the fastest computers on Earth. They are used for carrying out complex, fast and time intensive calculations for scientific and engineering applications. Supercomputer speed or performance is measured in teraflops, i.e. 1012 floating point operations per second. Chinese supercomputer  Sunway TaihuLight  is the world’s fastest supercomputer with a rating of 93 petaflops per second, i.e. 93 quadrillion floating point operations per second. Most common uses of supercomputers include − Molecular mapping and research Weather forecasting Environmental research Oil and gas exploration

16. Minicomputers – A minicomputer is a type of computer that has many of the same features and capabilities as a larger computer but is smaller in size. Minicomputers, which were relatively small and affordable, were often employed in a single department of an organization and were often dedicated to a specific task or shared by a small group. Microcomputers – A microcomputer is a small computer that is based on a microprocessor integrated circuit, often known as a chip. A microcomputer is a system that incorporates at a minimum a microprocessor, program memory, data memory, and input-output system (I/O). A microcomputer is now commonly referred to as a personal computer (PC).

17. Generations of Computer Basic term: Vacuum tube– an electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum. It used as a switch, amplifier, or display screen in many older model radios, televisions, computers, etc. Transistor – an electronic component that can be used as an amplifier or as a switch. It is used to control the flow of electricity in radios, televisions, computers, etc.

18.  Integrated Circuit (IC)– a small electronic circuit printed on a chip (usually made of silicon) that contains many its own circuit elements (e.g. transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.) Microprocessor – an electronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) and other associated circuits.

19. CPU ( Central processing Unit ) – It is often referred to as the brain or engine of a computer where most of the processing and operations take place (CPU is part of a microprocessor). Memory – a physical device that is used to store data, information and program in a computer.

20. Machine language – a low-level programming language comprised of a collection of binary digits (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and understand. Assembly language is like the machine language that a computer can understand, except that assembly language uses abbreviated words (e.g. ADD, SUB, DIV…) in place of numbers (0s and 1s). Artificial intelligence (AI) – an area of computer science that deals with the simulation and creation of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn, work, and react like humans).

21. Classification of generations of computers The evolution of computer technology is often divided into five generations. Generations of computers Generations timeline Evolving hardware First generation 1940s-1950s Vacuum tube based Second generation 1950s-1960s Transistor based Third generation 1960s-1970s Integrated circuit based Fourth generation 1970s-present Microprocessor based Fifth generation The present and the future Artificial intelligence based Five Generations of Computers

22. First Generation of Computers The main characteristics of first generation of computers (1940s-1950s) Main electronic component – vacuum tube Main memory – magnetic drums and magnetic tapes Programming language – machine language Power – consume a lot of electricity and generate a lot of heat. Speed and size – very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room). Input/output devices – punched cards and paper tape. Examples – ENIAC, UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM 701, etc Quantity – there were about 100 different vacuum tube computers produced between 1942 and1963.

23. Second Generation of Computers The main characteristics of second generation of computers (1950s-1960s) Main electronic component – transistor Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk Programming language – assembly language Power and size – low power consumption, generated less heat, and smaller in size (in comparison with the first generation computers). Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the first generation computers). Input/output devices – punched cards and magnetic tape. Examples – IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, etc.

24. Third Generation of Computers The main characteristics of third generation of computers (1960s-1970s) Main electronic component – integrated circuits (ICs) Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk Programming language – high level language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, C, etc.) Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation computers (they were called minicomputers). Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the second generation computers). Input / output devices – magnetic tape, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc. Examples – IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108, etc.

25. Fourth Generation of Computers The main characteristics of fourth generation of computers (1970s-present) Main electronic component – very large-scale integration (VLSI) and microprocessor. VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single microchip. Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.) RAM (random-access memory) – a type of data storage (memory element) used in computers that temporary stores of programs and data (volatile: its contents are lost when the computer is turned off). ROM (read-only memory) – a type of data storage used in computers that permanently stores data and programs (non-volatile: its contents are retained even when the computer is turned off). Programming language – high level language (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin, etc.). A mix of both third- and fourth-generation languages Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation computers. Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and reliability (in comparison with the third generation computers). Input / output devices – keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc. Network – a group of two or more computer systems linked together. Examples – IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, etc.

26. Fifth Generation of Computers The main characteristics of fifth generation of computers (the present and the future) Main electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method. ULSI – millions of transistors on a single microchip Parallel processing method – use two or more microprocessors to run tasks simultaneously. Language – understand natural language (human language). Power – consume less power and generate less heat. Speed – remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability (in comparison with the fourth generation computers). Size – portable and small in size, and have a huge storage capacity. Input / output device – keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input ( recognise voice / speech), light scanner, printer, etc. Example – desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc