id ego superego sigmond f ppt by sigmond frued

According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.
The id is a part of the unconscious that contains all the urges and impulses, including what is called the libido, a kind of generalized sexual energy that is used for everything from survival instincts to appreciation of art.
The ego is the only part of the conscious personality. It’s what the person is aware of when they think about themselves and what they usually try to project toward others.

The ego develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the real external world. It is the decision-making component of personality. Ideally, the ego works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable.

The ego develops from the id during infancy. The ego’s goal is to satisfy the id’s demands in a safe and socially acceptable way. In contrast to the id, the ego follows the reality principle as it operates in both the conscious and unconscious mind.

1. Presented By-
JasleenKaurBrar

2. Introduction
SigmundFreud(6May1856–23September1939)bornin
ViennawasanAustrianneurologistwhobecameknownasthe
foundingfatherofpsychoanalysis.

3. SigmundFreuddevelopedthebest-knowntheoryof
personalityfocuseduponinternalgrowthorpsychodynamics’.
Thetheorystressestheinfluenceofunconsciousfears,
desiresandmotivationonthoughtsandbehavior.Freud
psychoanalysisbecamebothatheoryofpersonalityanda
methodofpsychotherapy.Psychoanalytictheoryhasthree
majorparts:
Atheoryofthestructureofpersonality,inwhichtheid,ego
andsuperegoaretheprincipalparts.
Atheoryofpersonalitydynamics,inwhichconsciousand
unconsciousmotivationandego-defensemechanismsplaya
majorrole.
Atheoryofpsychosexualdevelopment,inwhichdifferent
motivesandbodyregionsinfluencethechildatdifferent
stagesofgrowth,witheffectspersistingintheformofadult
personalitytraits.

4. Structureofpersonality:
Freudthoughtofpersonalityasbeingbasedupona
structureofthreeparts:theid,theegoandthe
superego.
ID–Pleasure
EGO–Reality
SUPEREGO–Forperfection/ideal

5. PsychoAnalyticModel

6. ID(primitive,instinctivecomponentofpersonality)–
LatinwordofIdis‘It’Idistheoriginalsourceofpersonality,
whichispresentinanewborn.
TheId,themostprimitivepart,canbethoughtofasasort
ofstorehouseofbiologicallybasedurges:toeat,drink,
eliminate,andespecially,tobesexuallystimulated.
Thesexualenergythatunderliestheseurgesiscalledthe
libido.
Idispresentinthedeepestleveloftheunconsciousand
representstheinnerworldofsubjectiveexperience.
Itisunconcernedwithobjectiverealityandisunaffected
bytheenvironmentIdiscompletelyselfish;concernedwith
immediategratificationofinstinctualneeds,andthe
biologicaldrives,likehunger,sex.

7. Theidoperatesaccordingtothepleasureprinciple,
seekingtoreducetension,avoidpain,andobtain
pleasure.Inaformalgatheringifapersonisfeeling
veryhungryandmaystarteatingwithouttheformal
invitationforstartingthemealorastudentmaystart
eatinghislunchintheclasswhentheteacheris
teachingdisregardinghisclassroomactasId.
Thepleasureprincipleattemptstoreducetensionby
wishfulfillment.Inotherwords,itisreferredtoas
primaryprocessthinking.Whatevercomesfirstin
theperson’smind,heorshewantstosatisfythat
desireimmediately.
IfthedemandsofIdareblockedforalongertime,
frustrationsoccur.

8. Ego(thedecision-makingcomponent)–
TheLatinwordofegois‘I’whichmeans‘self’.
Theegoactsasamediatororbalancerbetweenthe
demandsofIdandsuperego.
EgoisbasedontheRealityPrinciple.
Egodelaysthedischargeoftension.Itpostponedthe
desires.ThisadaptivemeasureofEgoisrefereedas
secondaryprocessthinking.
ProcessThinking–Egowaitsfortherightmomentforthe
satisfactionofdesire,whereasidsatisfiesdesires
immediately.
EgodevelopsfromIdandworksforId.Egoisan
executive,whichmediatebetweenthedemandsofidand
realitiesofworldanddemandsofsuperego

9. FunctionsofEgo–
Controlandregulationofinstinctualderives.
Relationtoreality
oSenseofreality
oRealitytesting
oAdaptationtoreality
Primaryautonomousfunction
oPerception
oThinking
oSpeaking
oIQ
oMemory
Intuition

10. Superego(themoralcomponent)–
Itisidealratherthanreal.
Thesuperegoisthatpartofpersonalitythat
representsinternalizedvalue,idealsandmoral
attitudeofsociety.
Itisoutgrowthoflearningthetaboosandmoral
valuesofsociety.Itisrefertoconscienceandis
concernedwithrightandwrong.
ItinhabitstheIDdesires.Sexandaggressive
superegooperatesthroughtheegosystemand
compeltheegotoinhibitdesiresthatareconsidering
wrongorimmoral.
Itspsychiatricfunctionisexpressesasguilt,self-
criticismandconsciences.

11. Rewardingfunctions–egoideal-superego
developswithOedipuscomplex.Itstrivesfor
perfection.Itissocietyhimself.ItisextremeofIdand
itisforself-preservationbysocietynorms.
Consciences:negativepartofsuperego.Itis
developedbypunishment,lackofreward,
conditioningofchildhoodbringsconscience.Itgives
guiltandself-criticism.Childtakesorinterjectsthe
moralstandardsofparents.
EgoIdeal:Itisrewardingfunctionofsuperego.Itis
bypositivereinforcementfori.e.copy,menurimesof
fatheroranybelovedperson.

12. Example

13. LEVELSOFCONSCIOUSNESS
Conscious level
Preconscious level
Unconscious part

14. Consciouslevel,whichrelatestotheawarenessof
anindividualtohisenvironment.
Itfunctionwhentheindividualisawake.
Itisconcernedwiththought,feelingsandsensations,
memory,IQ.Consciousassenseorganofattention.It
isonly1/9oftotalmind.
Throughattention,personbecomesconsciousof
perceptualstimulifromtheoutsideworldwithinthe
organism.
Onlyelementsinpreconsciousenterconsciousness.
Itisone-waytraffictounconsciousmind.
Consciouspartofmindisawareofhereandnowasit
relatesindividualandhisenvironment.

15. Preconsciouslevelisdescribedasthatpartof
mindinwhichideasandreactionsarestoredand
partiallyforgotten.
Italsoactsasawatchmanbecauseitprevents
certainpainful,unpleasant,unacceptable,distributing
unconsciousmemoriesfromreachingtheconscious
mind.
Slipoftongue,slipofpen.Preconsciousregionof
mindisnotpresentatbirthbutdevelopsinchildhood.
Itisaccessibletobothunconsciousandconscious
mind.
Elementsofunconsciousmindareaccessibleto
consciousthroughpreconscious.So,itworksas
censorforaperson’swishesanddesires.

16. Itisassociatedwithmentalactivityi.e.secondary
processofthinking.Aimsofsecondarythinkingareto
avoidunpleasantnessanddelayinginstinctual
discharge.
Itrespectslogicalconnection.Itisassociatedwith
realityprinciple.Itworksaccordinglydemandsof
externalrealityandperson’smoralvaluesetc.

17. Unconsciouspartisthelargestpartofmind(9/10).
Itishiddenpartoficebergthatfloatsunderwater.It
containsrepressedideasandaffects.
Elementsofunconsciousmindareinaccessibleto
consciousness.
Theybecomeconsciousonlythroughpreconsciousmind.
Repressedideasmayreachtoconsciousnesswhen
censorisoverpoweredorrelaxed(dreamstate).
Itisstorehouseforallthememories,feelingsand
responsesexperiencedbytheindividualduringhisentire
life.

18. Unconsciousisassociatedwithparticularformof
mentalactivitiesthatisprimaryprocess–with
fulfillmentandinstinctualdischarge.
Itisassociatedwithpleasureprinciple.Primary
processthinkinghasnoconceptionoftime,logic,
circumstancesandneedsimmediategratificationof
theirdesires,whichisverycommonininfancy.
Memoriesinunconsciousmindlosetheirconnection
withverbalexpressions.
Theycanreachconsciousnessoncewordsare
reappliedtoforgottenmemory.

19. PsychosexualDevelopment
Freudbelievedthatpersonalitydevelopsthrough
aseriesofchildhoodstagesinwhichthe
pleasure-seekingenergiesoftheidbecome
focusedoncertainerogenousareas.This
psychosexualenergy,orlibido,wasdescribedas
thedrivingforcebehindbehavior.
Ifthesepsychosexualstagesarecompleted
successfully,theresultisahealthypersonality.If
certainissuesarenotresolvedattheappropriate
stage,fixationcanoccur.

20. AccordingtoFreud,allhumanbeingpassthroughaseriesof
fivepsychosexualstages:
Oralstage0to2years–Duringthefirstyearoflifethemouth
istheprincipalorgan.Gratificationisbysuckingthebreastof
motherandbottle.
Analstage2to3years–Membranesoftheanalregionprovide
pleasure.Notpassingfecalmatteralsogivespleasuretothe
child.
Phallicstage3to6years–self-manipulationofthegenital
organs;thechildalsoidentifiesgrouptowhichhebelongs’;what
isthedifferencebetweenhimandhisyoungersister.
Latencystageof6to12years–thisisastageof
psychosexualdevelopmentwhenovertsexualinterestis
repressedandsublimated.Thechild’sattentionisfocusedon
learningskillsandotherpeeractivities.
Genitalstage–Thisisthefinalstageofpsychosexual
developmentreachedinpubertywhenthedeepestfeelingsof
pleasurearesaidtocomefromheterosexualrelations.

22. Freudbelievedthatgratificationduringeachstagein
importantiftheindividualisnottobefixatedatthat
level.
Afixationisapersistentfocusonanearlier
psychosexualstage.Untilthisconflictisresolved,the
individualwillremain"stuck"inthisstage.
Forexample,apersonwhoisfixatedattheoral
stagemaybeover-dependentonothersandmay
seekoralstimulationthroughsmoking,drinking,or
eating.
Apersonfixatedattheanalstagemaybeabnormally
concernedwithcleanlinessandorderliness.

23. DevelopmentofPersonality:
First6yearsinachild’slifecontributethemostto
personalitydevelopment.Theseyearsprovidethe
foundationforfuturepatternsofbehavior.

24. 1-Infancy -0 year to 18 months
Freudcalleditasoralstagebecausechild’slibidinal
energyisfocusedonhisoralcavity.
Infant'sprimarysourceofinteractionoccursthroughthe
mouth,sotherootingandsuckingreflexisespecially
important.
Singularfocusonselfisreferredasprimarynarcissism
meansself-love.1
st
fewmonthsinfantisnotableto
differentiatebetweenhimandenvironment.
Hefeelsthathecausesallthathappenstohim.This
feelingofbeingall-powerfuliscalledOmnipotence.
HeisbundleofIdimpulses.Whenneedarises,tension
israisedandhegetsrelieffromthistensionbyusinghis
mouth,lipsandtonguetocry,suckandswallow.These
activitiesgivehimpleasures.

25. Infantisdependedonmotherthatmeetshisneedfor
suckingandgetsmilktoswallowsohisraised
tension,whichwascausedbyhunger,isover.
Accidentallyhefindshisthumbanddiscoversthathe
canmeethisneedofsuckinghimself.Suckinghis
ownthumbgiveshimpleasurebutitalsogives
experiencethatitisdifferentfrommother.Through
thissimplerealizationinfantdifferentiatehimselffrom
environment.Soegodevelops.
Withweaningchildisforcedtorecognizerealityand
itsdemands.Whenweaningstart,infantreceivesless
oralsatisfaction.Whencuporsolidfoodissubstituted
forthebreastorbottle,infantfeelsfrustration.He
reactstoitinanaggressive,destructivewayand
beginstobite.

26. Hemayseeksymbolicoralgratificationbysucking
andbitingothers,teethprovidestoolfororal
aggressionbecauseloveandfoodaregiven
simultaneouslyduringoralperiod.
Oralneedsbecomesynonymswithprotectivelove
andsecuritybyclosedmotherchildrelationship.
Whenchildgetsloveandfoodbylovingmother
unconditionally,helearnstotrusther.
Basicsenseoftrustinmotherstartswhichisabasis
forfuturetrustingrelationship.

27. Ifchild’sexperiencewithmotherisanxiousand
conditionalhelearnstomistrusther.Sothisbasic
mistrustgivesparanoidideainadulthood.
MaternalDepressioncausepersonalitydisorder
Mask mothering orrejectioncause
schizophreniainlaterlife.
Oralfixationpersonalityrelievestheirtension
byexcessiveeatingordrinkingalcoholsothey
becomedrunkard.
Mistrustcausesuspiciousnatureandparanoid
personalitydisorder.

28. 2-Early Childhood:
Analphase/(1yearto3year).Freudcalleditasanal
phasebecauselibidinalenergyshiftsfromoralcavityto
anusandurethra.Childgratifieshisloveofselfwiththe
pleasurablesensationinvolvedinevacuationofbladder
andbowelwithoutrestriction.Hedriveshisgreatest
pleasurefromanusandurethra.
Superegodevelopswhenmotherbeginstoinsistthatchild
shouldhavecertaincontrolregardingtoileting.Hefaces
his1
st
majorfrustrationofhisIddrives.Toretainthelove
ofhismotherthechildmustlearntopost-ponethe
immediatepleasureofurinatingorevacuationuntil
appropriatetimeandplaceareavailable.Childstarts
havingambivalentfeelingstowardsher.Ifhistoilet
trainingisverystrictandmotherinsistshimtobecleanhe
maygrowuptobecompulsiveordissolvehisanxietyby
reactionformationandbecomeveryuntidyand
unconcernedaboutcleanlinessinhisadultlife.

29. AccordingtoFreud,inappropriateparentalresponses
canresultinnegativeoutcomes.Rigidtoilettraining
includestubbornness,excessiveconcernwithbowel
functionandsadistic.
StricttoilettraininggivesrisetoO.C.N.personality,
perfectionist,stubborn,sadisticetc.Ifparentstakean
approachthatistoolenient,Freudsuggestedthat
ananal-expulsivepersonalitycoulddevelopinwhich
theindividualhasamessy,wastefulordestructive
personality.
Ifparentsaretoostrictorbegintoilettrainingtoo
early,Freudbelievedthatananal-retentive
personalitydevelopsinwhichtheindividualis
stringent,orderly,rigidandobsessive.

30. 3-Laterchildhood–Phallicstage
(3-6year)
Freudcalledthisperiodthephallicstage.
Pleasurablesensationsshiftedfrommouthandexcretory
organstothegenitaliaandchildbeginstoidentifywith
parentsofsamesexandwishestoreplacethatparentin
familysituation.
Theybegintoexaminetheirownbodiesandothers.They
getpleasuresensationfrommanipulationofpenisor
clitoris.
Differencebetweensexualstructureofmenandwomanis
ofgreatinteresttothem.Theyfeelthatgirlhaslostthat
organ.Anxietyaboutlossofsexorgansdeveloped.Itis
calledCastrationanxiety.

31. Alittlegirlnoticethatshehasnopenisandconcludesthat
shehaslostitorithasbeentakenaway.Thisattitudeis
calledpenisenvy.Itissometimebasictotheproblemsof
siblingrivalry.
Littleboybeginstofeelverypossessivetowardsmother.
Hewantsherforhimselfandresentstheclosetiethathe
feelsexistsbetweenhismotherandfather.Hedevelops
competitivefeelingtowardshisfatherandtriestobecome
arivalwithhimforhismother’slove.Butfatherfigureis
greatopponentandchildhasfearofhim.Thissituationis
calledOedipuscomplex.Hefearsthatfathermaypunish
him.

32. Soheresolvesthisanxietybybecominglikehis
father,hecangetmother’sloveandattention.He
beginstotakeonmasculinebehaviourofhisfather.
Thisiscalledidentification.
Similarlylittlegirlbeginstoidentifywithfeminine
role.Ifthereisarrivalofanotherchildifincreasetheir
problems.Siblingrivalryusuallydevelops.Superego
developmentalsodevelopsatitsheight.

33. 4-Latency-6-12 yrs
Freudrefersitaslatencystage.
Duringthelatentperiod,thelibidointerestsare
suppressed.
Thedevelopmentoftheegoandsuperegocontributeto
thisperiodofcalm.
Thestagebeginsaroundthetimethatchildrenenterinto
schoolandbecomemoreconcernedwithpeer
relationships,hobbiesandotherinterests.
Thelatentperiodisatimeofexplorationinwhichthe
sexualenergyisstillpresent,butitisdirectedintoother
areassuchasintellectualpursuitsandsocialinteractions.
Thisstageisimportantinthedevelopmentofsocialand
communicationskillsandself-confidence.Temporaryintra-
psychicequilibriumestablishedbyid,egoandsuperego.

34. 5-Puberty/ adolescence/ genital
stage12-18
Sexualglandsaredevelopinginthisstage.
Libidinalenergyisfocusedongenitalorgans.
Satisfactoryhetrosexualrelationshipwithamate
shoulddevelop.
Itisaproblematicstageofpersonality.Heisdrawn
towardsparentsanddrivenawayfromparent,which
causeambivalence,whichcomesintheformof
conflict.

35. Defense Mechanisms/ Ego
Mechanisms
Defensesareunconsciousmentalprocessthategousesto
resolveconflictsamonginstincts(wishorneed}.When
defenseismosteffectivetheyabolishanxietyand
depression.Defensesaredynamicandreversible.
Egodefensemechanismsarementalmechanism,used
whenindividualunconsciouslyexperiencesabasicconflict
betweenid-impulsesanddemandsofsuperego.
Theegounconsciouslyusessomeofitsenergytoinitiatea
defensemechanismthateffectacompromisebetweenidand
superego,therebyrelievinganxiety.Sullivan,thosecalled
intoplaywhenanxietyisaresponsetoathreattotheself-
concept,callsanotherformofmentalmechanismsecurity
operation.
Theyactwithoutawarenessoftheindividualemployingthem.
Useofmentalmechanismishealthyandlowers/reducethe
anxietyandItisanormalprocessofadjustment.Methodof
self-protectionisbyEgoMechanisms.

36. COMPENSATION :
Compensationapatternofadaptivebehaviorsby
whichanxietyfromfeelingofinadequacyor
weaknessisrelievedasindividualemphasizesof
intensivetrainingofsomepersonalorsocial
attributethatovershadowshisinadequacyand
gainsocialapproval.Itcanbeseenininfantwho
substitutehisthumbfornippletorelievetension
andcompensateforsomepleasurablesensation
ofsucking.
APoliochildcanbeanartistandpainteror
develophismusclesofupperlimbsandbecomes
archeryexpert.

37. DISPLACEMENT:
Whenanindividualunconsciouslybelieveshewouldbein
greatdangerofthatpersonknewhisfeelingsaboutsame
person.Hedischargeoffeelingsontoapersonorobject
entirelydifferentfromtheonetowhichtheyactually
belong.Hedisplaceshisemotiontootherpersonorobject
whichislessanxietyproducing.Example{1};-Teacher,
whoisangrywithsupervisor,cannotshowhisfeelingsbut
reactswithunreasonableangerwhenastudentbreaksa
windowpane.Actuallyteacherhasunconsciously
substitutedthestudentforsupervisoranddisplacedhis
feelings.Example{2};-Husbandgotannoyedwithboss
camehome,scoldsthewifeunnecessarilyandwifebeats
thechildwhenheaskforasweet.Inthisemotionalfeeling
istransferredtopersonorobjectthatislessdangerous
thanwhoinitiallyarousedtheemotion.

38. SUBLIMATION:
Inmechanismofsublimationtheenergyinvolvedinanxiety
producedprimitiveimpulsesisunconsciouslyredirected
intoconstructiveandsociallyacceptablechannels.Itis
oneofpositiveadaptationtoanxietyandresponsiblefor
muchofartisticandculturalachievementsofcivilized
people.Itiswhenwomanredirectshersexualdesiresinto
successfulcareerofpoetess.Example{1};-MahaDevi
VermaandTulsidassareexampleofthissublimation.
Tulsidassafterscoldedbyhiswife,turnedhispsychic
energy/libidoenergyintopoetry.Sublimationisapositive
mechanisminwhichtheprimitiveimpulsesaretransferred
ordirectedtoasociallyusefulgoal.Unacceptabledesires
findanacceptableoutlet.Example{2};-Manwithstrong
sexdesireutilizeinpaintinganudewoman.

39. SUBSTITUTION:
Mechanismusedtoreducetensionresultingfrom
frustration.Substitutingactionmusthavecertain
similaritiestothefrustratedone.Example{1};a
studentwhohasnotbeenabletogetadmission
inM.B.B.S.maytrytosubstituteitwithother
courseofphysiotherapyorNursing.

40. FIXATIONS:
Itisarrestofemotionaldevelopmentatastage.
Fixationreferstothepointintheindividual’s
developmentatcertainaspectsofemotional
developmentceasetoadvance.Furtherdevelopment
isblocked.Theycannotbypassthatphase,heis
alwayshandicappedinproceedingtothestagesthat
follow.Example{1};Childwhoisnotbreast-fedand
didnotgetloveandsecurity,hewillachieve
gratificationthroughoralcavity.Hemayovereat,or
takehugequantityofalcoholandbecomesdrunkard.
Theyarecalledasoralpersonalityindividual.Thumb
suckinginadultlifeisanexampleofit.

41. DENIAL:.
Itisaprocesswheretheindividualtrulydoesnot
recognizetheexistenceofaneventorfeeling.
DenialisusedinSchizophrenia.Itisoftenseen
asareactionofthehealthypersonwhenheis
confrontedbyadisastroussituation.Example
{1}-Suddendeathofhusbandinroadaccident
butwiferefusedtoacceptit.Shesaysthathe
hadbreakfastwithme,youaremistaken.Please
excuseme.Incardiaccaseorcancer,itisa
responsetosuddenpassiveamountofanxiety.
Denialisnotlying;individualdoesnotaccept
existenceofsomethingthat’sdisturbing.

42. IDENTIFICATION:
Itusefulmechanismbecauseitplaysalargepartin
developmentofachildpersonality.Throughthis
processindividualdefendsagainstanxietyresulting
fromfeelingofinadequacybyunconsciouslytakingon
desirableattributesfoundinpeopleforwhomhehas
admirationandaffection.Heintegratesthese
attributesintohisownpersonality.Example{1}-A
childtakesonmasculineattributesthatheadmiresin
hisfather.Anotherformofidentificationisobserved
whenanindividualdevelopsunreasonablesympathy
foracriminalbecauseofanunconscioussenseof
guilt.

43. INTROJECTIONS:
Mechanismofintrojectionsiscloselyrelatedto
identification.Introjectiontendstoreplaceallorpartof
personality.Introjectionisthatentirepersonalityofa
secondpersonhasbeenincorporatedandhas
replacedtheoriginalpersonality.Introjectionsmay
operateinalessconstructivewaythanidentification.
Example{1}-PsychoticpatientactsasMoses,his
ownpersonalityhadgivenup.Adepressedperson
mayhaveunconsciouslyincorporatedanotherperson
andattempttocommitsuicidetokilltheinterjected
personwhomheunconsciouslyhates.Example{2}-
Aftermarriageladytakesallvaluesofhusbandand
thinksitsown.sheincorporatethepersonalityofher
husband.

44. ISOLATION:
Wherefeelingsaredetachedfromtheeventin
theindividual’smemory,enablingthepersonto
recalltheeventwithoutanxiety.Itisfoundin
(OCN)compulsivepersonality.Theyvalue
efficiency,cleanlinessandpunctualityExample
{1}-givingdeathpacktoapatientwithoutany
emotionsbynursingstaff.

45. RATIONALIZATION:
Rationalizationisamentalmechanismthatisalmost
universallyemployed.Itisanattempttomakehisbehavior
asresultoflogicalthinkingratherthanresultof
unconsciousdesiresthatareanxietyproducing.Itisaface
savingdevicethatmayormaynotdealwiththeactual
truth.Rationalizationisalmostunconsciousavoidance.It
relievesanxietytemporarilybutnotaneffective
mechanismofadjustmentbecauseithelpsthepersonto
avoidfacingthereality.Persongiveslogicalexcuse.
Studentsaysthatduetosicknessshecouldnotpass.Itis”
grapesaresourmechanism.”
Example{1}-Alcoholicwillsaythatduetolackofsleep,he
takedrinks.
Example{2}-Paranoidpatientwillsaythatpeopleareafter
mebecauseIhavelotofmoney.

46. REGRESSION:
{Hebephrenic,depression}Regressionoccurswhen
anindividualisfacedwithanxietyfromaconflict,that
cannottosolvedbyusingtheadaptivemechanism
withwhichheusedtosolveproblems.Insucha
situation,hemayunconsciouslyreturntothepatterns
ofbehaviorappropriatetoanearlierdevelopmental
stage.Anyretreatintoastateofdependencyon
otherstoavoidfacingacuteproblems“Cryingon
someoneshoulder”issymbolicofinfantsseeking
comfortonmaternalbosom.
Example{1}-Whenagrownupgirlfailedandcries,
liesonfloorandhavetampertantrum.Itisfoundin
HebephrenicSchizophreniawhenpatientregress
backsintoinfantstage.Hesmearshishandswith
ownstool.

47. REPRESSION:
Painfulexperiencesunacceptablethoughtsand
impulsesaredismissedfromconsciousmindto
unconsciousmind.Duringchildhoodtheyare
repressedandbecomesunconscioussourceof
emotionalconflictinlaterlife.Selfish,hostile,
sexualfeedingarerepressed.Suchrepression
causeinternalconflict.
Example{1}-Mother’sdeathandtraumawas
repressedinunconsciousmind.These
Repressedconflictsmaycomeoutthrough
conversionintophysicalsymptoms.Thisis
commoninHysteriaandHypochondrias

48. PROJECTION :
Projectionistransferringtheresponsibilityfor
unacceptableideas,wishesorthoughtstoanother
personwhenindividual’sownaggressivethoughtsare
unacceptabletohimandcauseanxiety,heblames
someoneelseforit.Itisusedinparanoid,heis
suspiciousaboutinfidelityofhiswifewhenactuallyhe
lackoffidelityinhismind.Example{1}-Student
blametheteacherthathehasfailedme.Ihavedone
wellbuthehassomethingagainstme,sohehas
failedme.Example{2}-Paranoidpersonmayproject
hisowninnerhateofothersbysayingthatgroupof
peopleisplottingtokillhimorintendingtoexploithim.

49. CONVERSION:
Conversionreferstotheexpressionofemotionalconflictthrough
physicalsymptomsforwhichthereisnoorganicbasis.Itis
precededafterrepression.Allpainfulexperiencerepressedinto
unconsciousmindwhentheconflictreappearsasphysical
symptoms,pt.isnotawareofconnectionbetweentwo
pheromones.Althoughphysicalsymptomsissymbolicallyrelated
tothenatureofconflict.Thissymptomalwaysservestodistract
attentionfromhisrealproblem.Hegainstwoways.
Hisanxietyisrelieved(primarygain).
Hegainsattentionandsympathyofothers(secondarygain).
Example{1}-Achildwhoseestheconflictsbetweenparents,
bothofthemloveshim.Hebecameblind.Example{2}-Asoldier
wholoveshiscountrybutdon’tlikekillings,getparalysisofright
hand.Soheisnotabletopullthetrigger.Example{2}-Achild
whohastogotoboardingnextday.Hegotparalysisoflegs.So
sheissavedfromgoingawayfromparentsandgetattention
also.Itisusedinhysteria.

50. SYMBOLIZATIONANDCONDENSATION .
Symbolisanideaorobjectusedbyconsciousmindinlieu
ofactualideaorobject.Instinctualdesiresmayappear
throughsymbols,themeaningsofwhicharenotclearto
consciousmind.Example{1}-“Phallicsymbolismoflarge
automobilesservestoreassurethisindividualabouthis
adequacyasamale.Symbolsarethelanguageof
unconsciousmind,suchsymbolsappearindreamsor
fantasy.Condensationsrepresentawiderangeofanxiety
producingideasthatbecomelumpedtogether.Whenthey
risetoconsciousleveltheytaketheformofanapparently
incoherentjumbleofwords,realmeaningofwhichis
hiddenintheunconsciousmind.Example{1}-In
schizophrenicpatienthasirrationallanguage.This
condensationhasmeaningforthemselvesonly(word
salad).

51. REACTIONFORMATION:
Whenindividualexperiencesanxietiesresultingfrom
unconsciousfeelingthatareunacceptabletohimand
relievetheanxietybydoinginamaythatisdirectly
oppositetowhichhereallyfeels.Example{1}-People
whobehaveextremelyfriendlyandpolitehave
unconsciousfeelingsofangerandhatred.Thesetrue
feelingsmaybeevidentinslipsoftongue.Example{2}-
Reactionformationdevelopsoutofrigidtoilettraining
experience.Hewantsloveofhismotherbutdon’twantto
expelthestoolandenjoyanalretention.Ifhedoesnot
expelmotherisangrywithhimsohedoesagainsthiswish
andexpelittogainloveofmother.Example{3}-OCN
personmaybeveryuntidyunorganizedinadultlife
becausehismotherwasverystricttocleanliness.Hewill
dooppositewhathewantstodoreally.

52. Summarization
Introduction
Structure of personality
Level of consciousness
Psychosexual development
Defense mechanisms

53. Bibliography
Michael W. Eyesenck& cara
Flanagan.Psychologyfor A2 Level;[1];306-24
Fernald/Fernald. Munn’s Introduction to
Psychology. [5];241-65
Carole Wade, Carol Tavris. Psychology.[8];407-15
Clifford T. Morgan, Richard A. King, John R.
Weisz, John Schopler. Introduction to
Psychology;[8]64-87