idealism and naturalism.pptx

Idealism and naturalism school of philosophy

1. Western schools of philosophy

2. Idealism: It seek to offer an explanation of man and universe in terms of spirit. Therefore Idealism believes in supernatural power. It believe in spiritual nature of man. Ideas are believe as unchanging. According to idealist philosophy, education should help in realizing the spiritual nature of the child.

3. A. Exponents: Socrates, Plato, Spinoza, Barkley, Kant, Fitche , Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer, T.H. Green, Gentile, Froebel, Swami Dayanand , Gandhi , Aurobindo and Vivekananda.

4. B. Fundamental Principles: 1. Mind and thought are real. 2. The outlook is spiritual. 3. Believe in the existence of God. 4. Ultimate reality is spiritual. 5. Universe is created by God.

5. 6 . Eternal values like truth, goodness and beauty are perennial and not subject to change. 7. Spiritual laws are universal. 8. Values are pre­determined. 9. It is a monistic concept. 10. It is psycho-centric (mind is at the centre of reality.)

6. C. Educational Principles: 1. Spiritual is at the base of education. Emphasis is on the spiritual and moral environment. 2. Teacher and curri­culum are the centres of education. 3. Emphasizes book learning. 4. Attaches emphasis on discipline of the child. 5. Emphasizes on thinking and reasoning. 6. Believes in positive education (Education that blends academic learning with character & well-being). 7. Education is the dynamic side of philosophy.

7. D. Aims of Education: 1. The aim of education is self- realisation . 2. Aims at spiritual development. 3. Development of moral sense. 4. Development of creative power. 5. Development of complete man. 6. Preservation and enrichment of cultural environment. 7. Realization of Truth, Beauty and Goodness.

8. E. Curriculum: 1. Emphasis is on Ethics and study of humanities. 2. Based on moral, spiritual and intellectual values. 3. Important subjects are religion. Ethics, Art, Language, Literature, music., philosophy, History etc. F. Methods of Teaching: 1. Advocating a lot of  methods. Not advocated a single method. 2. Questioning, conver­sation, Dialogue, Discussion, Lecture, Inductive and Deductive, Play-way, Story-telling, Exercise or practice, Argumentation, Book study etc..

9. G. Discipline: 1. Unrestrained freedom is not allowed. 2. Emphasises regulated freedom. 3. Emphasises impres­sionistic discipline. 4. Self-discipline. H. Teacher: 1. Teacher’s position is very high. 2. He guides, directs, suggests and controls the situation. He is like a gardener whose function is to carefully tend the little plants under his disposition. I. School: 1. It is the only place for regular and effective education. 2. It is a place for carrying pleasant and joyful activities.

10. B) Naturalism: Naturalism is a type of philosophy which considers nature as the whole of reality. It approaches philosophy from a pure scientific point of view. It put forwards that education should focus on the nature of the child. Nature of child is dynamic. The purpose, process and means of education should be within the experiences of the child.

11. A. Exponents: Aristotle, August Comte, Hobbes, Bacon, Darwin, Lamarck, Huxley, Spencer, G.B. Shaw, Pestalozzi, J.J. Rousseau, Samuel Butler R.N. Tagore , etc. B. Fundamental Principles: 1. Nature alone is entire reality, it is ready-made. 2. The outlook is materialistic. 3. Do not believe in existence of God.

12. 4. Ultimate reality is physical. 5. Universe is the natural creation. 6. There is no spiritual values. 7. Do not believe in value, soul, God, religion and divine spirit. 8. Physical and natural laws are universal. 9. It is a monistic concept. 10. It is naturo -centric (nature is at the centre).

13. C. Educational Principles: 1. Based on psychology. Child is the centre of education. 2. It emphasizes basic instincts, interests and tendencies. 3. Nature is the base. “Follow Nature” is the slogan. 4. Puts emphasis on unrestrained freedom. 5. Opposes bookish knowledge. 6. Believes in negative education. 7. Education is the dynamic side of philosophy.

14. D. Aims of Education: 1. The aim of education is self-expression. 2. Emphasizes the auto­nomous development of personality. 3. Adjustment to environment. 4. Preparation for struggle of existence. 5. Attainment of present and future happiness. E. Curriculum: 1. Emphasis on Science 2. It is based on need, ability, aptitude and the nature of the child 3. Humanities occupy subsidiary place in the curriculum. 4. Main subjects are Games and Sports, Physical sciences, Physiology, Hygiene, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Sociology, Domestic science.

15. F. Methods of Teaching: 1. Learning by doing, learning through experience, play-way method, observation, Direct method, Heuristic, Montessori. Kindergarten methods. G. Discipline: 1. Unrestrained freedom, discipline through natural consequences. 2. Emphasizes emancipatory discipline

16. H. Teacher: 1. Teacher is behind the scene. 2. He is hot to interfere in the child’s activities 3. His role is subsidiary. 4. He is a stage-setter, setting the stage. I. School: 1. Nature is the best school. 2. School should be a natural and spontaneous field for undertaking free activities by children.

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