Idm on coconut arecanut betelvine

detaile about idm on coconut arecanut

1. TOPIC:GENE FOR GENE HYPOTHESIS SUBMITTED BY GAZALA PARVEEN UHS19PGM1265 UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTU SCIENCES, BAGALKOT College of Horticulture, Bengaluru . Idm on coconut arecanut betelvine Submitted to : Dr. Anjeneya Reddy 11/07/2020 parveen

2. Diseases of coconut fungal disease Bud rot : phytopthora palmivora Basal stem end rot ,tanjavoor wilt,or ganoderma wilt: ganoderma lucidum Stem bleeding: Thielaviopsis paradoxa Grey leaf spot : Pestalosia palmivora leaf rot : colletotrichum gloeosporiodies phytoplasma diesease Root wilt (OR) kerala wilt : Phytoplasma 11/07/2020 parveen

3. Bud rot : phytopthora palmivora symptoms BUD ROT: Phytophthora palmivora Palms of all age susceptible, but normally young palms are more susceptible, particularly during ppap monsoon. The first indication of the diseases is seen on the central shoot of the tree (spindle). heart leaf shows discolouration which becomes brown instead of yellowish brown. This is followed by drooping and breading off the heart leaf. With the progress of diseases, more number of leaves get affected with loss of lusture and turn pale yellow. The entire base of the crown may be rotten emitting a foul smell. The central shoot comes off easily on slight pulling.The leaves fall in succession starting from the top of the crown. The leaf falling and bunch shedding continue until a few outer leaves are left unaffected. But within few months the infection leads to complete shedding of leaves, within subsequent wilt and death of the tree. Symptom: pale yellowish discoloration of heart leaf. basal tissues of leaf become rotten and this leaf can easily pulled out from the bud. with the progress of the diseases,brown lesions develop at the base of all the young leaves. dead leaves drop off till whole crown is lost . the soft ,infected portion rots,degenerate to a slimy masss and emits foul smell. young nuts fall develop and fall,brown rotten area is seen at the base of the young nuts. 11/07/2020 parveen

4. Symptom 1 2 4 3 pale yellow Drooping of older leaves leaf rot Rotting of basal tissue 11/07/2020 parveen

5. Etiology Kingdom:Chromista Phylum:Oomycota Order:Peronosporales Family:Peronosporaceae Genus:Phytophthora Species:P. palmivora Binomial name : Phytophthora palmivora The fungus produces intercellular myceli.nonsaptate, hyaline mycelium. Sporangiospore are hyaline and simple or branched. Sporanigia are hyaline thin walled pear shaped with prominent papillae. Fungus produces thick Walled chlamydospores. Pathogen Taxonomic classification 11/07/2020 parveen

6. Disease cycle P.I: Through dormant mycelium oospores or chlamydospores carried over summer months on the host debris. S.I: Through sporangia with numerous zoospores which spread rapidly in the rain water or sporangia spread through wind and insects also. Favourable conditions : Heavy rainfall,high atmospheric humidity above 90%. Low temperature 18-20 ° c and wounds caused Rhinoceros beetles. 11/07/2020 parveen

7. Management Before the onset of monsoon • Remove all the dead palms and palms beyond recovery and dispose them by burying or burning. • Clean the crowns of the palm of any debris and other materials • Maintain general field hygiene by removing the weeds etc. • Follow recommended integrated nutrient management practices • Provide adequate drainage in case of low lying areas • Follow management strategy for the control of rhinocerous beetle: Place a perforated sachet containing 5g phorate+ 50g sand or 5g chloridust+ 100g sand in the in the two innermost leaf axils 11/07/2020 parveen

8. Chemical method Prophylactic fungicide application: • Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture to the crowns of the trees as prophylactic measure before the onset of monsoon (or) • Apply fungicide solution in the two innermost leaf axils (@5g mancozeb in 300 ml of water per palm) just before the onset of monsoon • Place two sachets of mancozeb (5 gm mancozeb in a perforated polythene sachet) in the two innermost leaf axils just before the onset of monsoon (end of May). During rainy season Repeat the prophylactic fungicide application at 2 months interval • Observe the palm at regular intervals (15 days) for the incidence of bud rot if any in the initial stage • Remove the infected tissues from affected crown, clean the dead tissues from tree base of the spindle and treat with fungicide: 11/07/2020 parveen

9. Management 11/07/2020 parveen • Apply 10% Bordeaux paste to the wounds / cut end. Cover the treated bud with protective covering till the normal shoot emerges (or) Apply fungicide solution in the two innermost leaf axils (@5g mancozeb in 300 ml of water per palm) and place two sachets of mancozeb (5 gm mancozeb in a perforated polythene sachet) in the two innermost leaf axils. Cover the treated bud with protective covering till the normal shoot emerges.

10. Management Post- monsoon Continue the prophylactic fungicide application till December. Observe the palm at regular intervals (15 days) for the incidence of bud rot if any for curative treatment Control rhinocerous beetle in the FYM/ compost yard by regularly treating the compost pit with biocontrol agent (Metarhizium anisopliae) or drenching with chlorpyriphos (0.05%). This will reduce the population of the insect pest in the vicinity, so that the damage caused by the adult beetle in the coconut plantation is reduced. 11/07/2020 parveen

11. TANJORE WILT / BASAL STEM E ND ROT Causal Organism:   Ganoderma lucidem   Ganoderma applanatum . 11/07/2020 parveen

12. Symptoms the disease produces multiple sympomps on stem roots and crown. on stem first visible symptomps found in basal portion of stem. diseased palm shows exudation of reddish brown.viscous liquid from the basal portion of the stem upto 3m. discolouration of the stem and internal rotting of stem noticed upto the hight of bleeding .(exduation) in advanced stage of basal stem rot the portion of the stem decays completely. some palms show wilting symptompswithout extrnal bleeding. the fructification of the fungus can be observed at the base of stem . 11/07/2020 parveen

13. Symptoms on crown in diseased palms the leaflets in the outer whorl shows yellowing and drooping. in advanced stage ,the remaining leaves droop down in quick succession except the spindle leaf. 11/07/2020 parveen

14. Symptoms on crown under certain condtion buds show soft rot and emits bad smell. in advanced stage ,the crown is blown off leaving the decapitated stem. later shows button shredding. on roots death and decay of finer roots of plants proceeding bleeding symptoms. 11/07/2020 parveen

15. Etiology Taxonomic classification Kingdom:Fungi Division:Basidiomycota Class:Agaricomycetes Order:Polyporales Family:Ganodermataceae Genus: Ganoderma Species: G. lucidum pathogen Pathogen produces hyaline mycelium with frequent clamp connections. It produces ellipsoid, slightly thick walled chamydospores which may be terminal or intercalary. The fruiting body is perennial, usually lateral and is corky at first bect first becoming woody later. Basidiospores are thick walled brown and truncated at one end . 11/07/2020 parveen

16. Basidiospores are thick walled brown and truncated at one end . fruitng body -basidiocarp The fruiting body is perennial, usually lateral and is corky at first bect first becoming woody later. 11/07/2020 parveen

17. DISEASE CYCLE P.I: The fungus is soil borne (Basidiospores) Wide host range: Mango, jack, citrus, Arecanut, coffee and tea . S.I: Through irrigation water and by root contac t (Mostly from March-August) . 11/07/2020 parveen

18. MANAGEMENT Cultural Remove and destroy all affected palms. Raise green manure crops. Isolate the affected palm from the healthy plants ones by Dig ging trenches of about 50cm wide and 1m deep, 2-3 m away from diseased palm to prevent spread of fungus . Aviod flood irrigation or ploughing in infected gardens to prevent spread of inoculums. 11/07/2020 parveen

19. CHEMICHAL MANAGEMENT The bleeding patches in the stem may be chiseled and protected with tridemorph (5% calxin) and subsequently with hot coal tar. Aureofungin-sol 2 g +1 g Copper Sulphate in 100ml water applied as root feeding. Root feeding with Tridemorph 2ml or Hexaconazole 1 ml with 100 ml of water (3 times at 3 months interval). Forty litres of 1% Bordeaux mixture should be applied as soil drench around the trunk in a radius of 1.5m. Root feeding 11/07/2020 parveen

20. MANAGEMENT Biological Method :   Pseudomonas fluorescens   +  Trichoderma viride  - 200g/palm/year. Phosphobacter and Azotobactor – 200g/palm/year with 50kg of FYM/palm. FYM 50kg + neem cake 5 Kg once in 6 months along with fertilizers. 11/07/2020 parveen

21. ROOT WILT or KERALA WILT Causal Organism:  Phytoplasma .  Transmitted by lace bug  Stephanitis typica  and the plant hopper  Proutista moesta . 11/07/2020 parveen

22. The predominant symptoms of the disease are flaccidity, abnormal bending of the leaflets or ribbing of leaflets. Flaccidity is due to impaired stomatal regulation resulting in excessive transpiration. The leaflets curve inwardly to produce ribbing so that the whole frond develop a cup like appearance. Foliar yellowing and marginal necrosis are other symptoms associated with this disease. Symptoms 11/07/2020 parveen

23. Symptoms Abnormal shedding of buttons and immature nuts are also noticed.Shedding of immature buttons is also noticed. Drying of spathe and necrosis of spiklets is noticed in certain cases. Severely affected palms produce fewer female flowers. The nuts from the diseased palms have thinner kernel and husk. The fibres are weaker and less firm. The oil content may be reduced considerably. 11/07/2020 parveen

24. Epidemiology Phytoplasma is spread by lace wing bugs, Stephanites typicus (Distant ) andPlant hopper Proutista moesta. Abiotic factors such as disturbance in uptake and translocation of nutrients, higher rate of transpiration and respiration, changes in nitrogen and phenol metabolism aggravate the disease. Stephanitis typic a Proutista moest a 11/07/2020 parveen

25. Cultural practices: Cut and remove disease advanced, uneconomical palms. growing green manure crops – cowpea, sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea), Mimosa invisa , Calapagonium mucunoides, Pueraria phaseoloides, etc. Irrigate coconut palms with at least 250 litre water in a week. Adopt suitable inter/mixed cropping in coconut gardens. Provide adequate drainage facilities. 11/07/2020 parveen

26. Management Use of tolerant varieties The tolerant varieties Kalparaksha(selection from Malayan Green Dwarf), Kalpasree (selection from Chowghat Green Dwarf) hybrid Kalpa Sankara (Chowghat Green Dwarf x West coast Tall). Kalpa Sankara 11/07/2020 parveen

27. Biological method: In addition to the above, apply 50 kg FYM or green manure and5 kg of neem cake / palm / year. Growing green manure crops like sunn hemp, sesbania, cowpea and calapagonium in the coconut basin and their incorporation in situ is beneficial as the practice reduces the intensity of the root (wilt) and increases the nut yield. The ideal green manure crops for the sandy and alluvial soils are cowpea and sesbania, respectively. 11/07/2020 parveen

28. Chemical Method Chemical Method: fertlizer application 1.3 kg urea, 2.00 kg super phosphate and 3.5 kg potash . Magnesium may be supplied @ 500 g MgO per palm per year To manage the insect vectors, treat the top tow leaf axils with insecticide preparation. This can be prepared by mixing phorate 10 G with 200 g sand or powdered neem cake 250 g. Mix equal quantity of sand place around the base of the spindle. 11/07/2020 parveen

29. LEAF ROT DISEASE COLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIOIDES The first symptom is the appearance of water-soaked brown lesions in the spear leaves of root-wilt affected palms. Gradually these spots enlarge and coalesce resulting in extensive rotting. As the leaf unfurls the rotten portions of the lamina dry and get blown off in wind, giving a "fan" shape to the leaves. Sometimes, the symptom becomes very acute and the spear fails to unfurl. Water soaked brown leisons Symptoms 11/07/2020 parveen

30. management Physical Method:  Remove the rotten portions from the spear and the two adjacent leaves. Chemical Method:   spray solution of Hexaconozole 2ml/mancozeb 3g in 300 ml to base of spindle leaf. in case of mild situation. Undertake prophylactic measures to prevent rhinoceros beetle attack. Palms in the early stages of disease will recover totally with two or three applications. Spray crown leaves 1 ％bordeux mixture or 0.5% coc formulations. 11/07/2020 parveen

31. GREY LEAF SPOT: Pestalotiopsis palmarum yellowish brown spots with grey brown margins, usually they are oval in shape disease advances the spots coalesce to form larger irregular necrotic patches with greyish white center. in leaflets of the outer whorl and give a blighted appearance. advanced stages the tips and margins of the leaf lets dry and shrivel giving a burnt appearance. Grey leaf spots in initial stage 11/07/2020 parveen

32. Grey leaf spots in initial stage Grey leaf spots coalesce and blight appears in later stage 11/07/2020 parveen

33. Pathogen The fungus produces conidia inside the acervuli. t he acervuli are black in colour,cushion shaped, sub-epidermal and break open to expose conidia and black sterile structures, setae. The conidiophores are hyaline, short and simple, bear conidia at the tip singly. 11/07/2020 parveen

34. Management Physical Method:  Removal of the older 2-3 disease affected leaves. Chemical Method: 0.25% copper oxy chloride 1% B ordeaux mixture 0.3% P ropiconazole . 11/07/2020 parveen

35. STEM BLEEDING DISEASE C.o : Thielaviopsis paradoxa Characterized by reddish brown ooze from the cracks near the base of the trunk (2-3 cm above soil line). The fluid dries up to form black encrustations with brownish orange margins Infection can occur any where on the trunk. The tissues, except vascular bundles, below infected patch show yellowish brown discolouration and decay Large cavities are formed in diseased stem from which yellowish to whitish fluid oozes out Growth of affected palms is arrested and yield reduced . 11/07/2020 parveen Symptoms

36. STEM BLEEDING DISEASE 11/07/2020 parveen Causal organism : Thielaviopsis paradoxa Dark reddish brown liquid Infected tree Black dried oozes

37. Etiology pathogen t he fungus produces macro and micro conidia. macro conidia are spherical in shape and dark green colour. Microconidia are hyaline perithecia with clavate asci and hyaline 11/07/2020 parveen

38. Disease cycle P.I: Perithecia and chlamydospores in cracks and cavities of infected stem S.I: Conidia dispersed by irrigation water, insects , wind . Favorable conditions Heavy rainfall followed by drought Cracks and insect wounds on stem Physiological imbalances Poor fertilization and poor maintenance of orchard Damage by Diocalandra and Xyleborus beetles 11/07/2020 parveen

39. Management Remove completely the disease affected tissues using a chisel and smear the chiseled portion with hexaconazole (0.2%) carbendazim (0.2%) andapply coal tar after 1-2 days on the treated portion Destroy the chiseled diseased tissues by burning. Apply a paste of talc based formulation of Trichoderma harzianum (Isolate CPCRI TR 28) on bleeding patches. In severely infected palms where bleeding patches spread top towards crown, root feeding with hexaconazole (2 ml in 100 ml water) or carbendazim (5 g per 100 ml) and drenching of the basin with 40 l of 0.2 % hexaconazole or carbendazim. 11/07/2020 parveen Dried symptom of stem bleeding treated with Trichoderma harzianum cake formulation

40. Arecanut diseases 11/07/2020 parveen

41. Arecanut diseases 1 Mahali disease or fruit rot or kole roga : Phytophthora arecae. 2. Foot rot (or) Anabe roga : Ganoderma lucidum 3. Die-back(or)buttonshedding : Colletotrichum sporioidies 4. Stem bleeding : Thielaviopsis paradoxa. 5. Yellow disease : Phytoplasma 11/07/2020 parveen

42. Mahali disease : Phytophthora arecae Rotting and excessive shedding of immature nuts Water soaked lesion on nut The first sign of the disease is on the nuts, on which water soaked lesions usually develop towards the base. Because of this watery rot, the disease is locally called as “ Neerugole”. 11/07/2020 parveen

43. Symptoms The fallen nuts show the felty, white mass of mycelium of the fungus which soon envelops the entire surface. Infected nuts loose their luster. This type of symptoms with boost like growth of the fungus , as also locally called as “Busurugole”. Fruit stalks and rachis of inflorescence are also affected. They are lighter in weight which deteriorate and become unsuitable for chewing. Very often, the top of the affected trees may also dry resulting in withering of leaves and bunches. 11/07/2020 parveen

44. Etiology Taxonomic classification Kingdom:Chromista Phylum:Oomycota Order:Peronosporales Family:Peronosporaceae Genus:Phytophthora Species :Arecae Ph y to p h t ora arecae Pathogen The Mycelium :coenocytic but forms septa in older stages. Haustoria :finger like, occasionally branched and sparsely produced. sporangiophores :branched,pyriform Oospores are the sexual spores which are also act as dormant spores that survive for about 4-5 years 11/07/2020 parveen

45. Mode of spread and survival Survive in affected nuts Rain and wind plays an important role in the initiation and spread of the disease since low temperature and high humidity are favorable for the growth of the fungus. Favourable conditions: Low temperature and high humidity favour the growth 11/07/2020 parveen

46. MANAGEMENT Cleanliness and field sanitation including destruction of diseased tree tops and plant parts are the foremost important steps in the management of the disease. Fallen infected nuts should be collected and burnt/destroyed. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture (1.0%) is recommended. Vegetable oils from ground nut, sesame, coconut or sunflower added to Bordeaux mixture before spraying also protect the palm from this disease. Prophylactic sprays with Bordeaux mixture (1%) spray before the onset of south west monsoon and a second application 40-45 days later has been recommended with Metalaxyl MZ (0.2%). Cover the fresh bunches after first spray with polythene bags to avoid new/further infections. While spraying, the whole crown region of the tree should be covered. 11/07/2020 parveen

47. Foot rot or Anabe roga:  Ganoderma lucidum Yellowish discolouration of leaves from the outer whorl . In advance stage whole leaf become yellow . Development of inflorescence and nut is arrested. Oozing from the base of the stem . Bracket appears at the base of the trunk . On cutting open central tissue emit a bad smell due to the invasion of fungus in conducting ves s els. 11/07/2020 parveen Yellowing of leaves Dropping of leaves

48. Etiology Taxonomic classification Kingdom:Fungi Division:Basidiomycota Class:Agaricomycetes Order:Polyporales Family:Ganodermataceae Genus:Ganoderma Species:G. lucidum Disease spread Ganoderma is a root infecting fungus and spreads from plant to plant through soil by root contact. Excessive irrigation or water logging, . 11/07/2020 parveen

49. Management The diseased palms are to be isolated by digging deep trenches of 30 cm wide and 60 cm deep all around the affected palm. root feeding with 125 ml of 1.5 ％ calixin solution at quarterly interval ie ., during March, July October and January. The basins of affected palms are to be treated with 1.5 per cent calixin by drenching . Besides, all palms in the infected garden may be given neem cake @ 1.5 - 2.0 kg along with recommended dose of organic and inorganic fertilizers . ( 100:40:140 ). 11/07/2020 parveen

50. Inflorescence die back and button shedding Symptoms: Brownish patches on the inflorescence Spread from tip to downwards known as die back. In advance stage conidial mass occur on the infected patche s Button shedding occu r . 11/07/2020 parveen C.o: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Browinish tips Browinish patch

51. Management Spraying with COC 0.25% or Mancozeb The disease due to the fungus can be controlled by spraying with M ancozeb @ 3 g / l of water or a mixture of aureo-fungin-sol and copper sulphate both at O.05g/ lit . The first spraying has to be given at the time of opening of the female flowers and the second 20-25 days there after . 11/07/2020 parveen

52. Yellow leaf disease: Phytoplasma Symptom: Yellowing of tips of leaflets in 2 or 3 leaves of outermost whorl. Brown necrotic streaks run parallel to veins in unfolded leaves. The yellowing extends to the middle of the lamina. Tips of the chlorotic leaves dry up. In advanced stage all the leaves become yellow. Finally the crown leaves fall off leaving of a bare trunk. Root tips turn black and gradually rot. Vector: protista moesta. Leaf hopper. 11/07/2020 parveen Yellowing of tips Infected trees

53. Management True Mangala seedlings and South Canara variety showed tolerance to this disease. Palms which received higher dose of potassium and magnesium recorded minimum disease intensity. Use of Chlorotetracyclin hydrochloride (Aureomycin) and tetracycline chloride (achromycin) through root feeding and stem injection had no ameliorative effect on the disease. 11/07/2020 parveen

54. Betelvine Diseases 11/07/2020 parveen

55. Leaf spot and foot rot : Phytophthora parasitica var.piperrina . In leaf symptom, a circular black (or) brown spot appears on leaf and it develops a wet-rot covering major portions of the le af . At the initial stages of infection, finer in foot region of young roots gets rotted and soft tissues of old roots and internodal portions of the vines also rot leaving only the sticky fibrous portions which emits a fishy odour. Under severe conditions, plants droop down and it leads to death of the plant. 11/07/2020 parveen

56. Etiology Pathogen Phytophthoraparasitica var.piperrina Mycelium - hyaline, non septate Sporangia - lemon shaped, hyaline, thin walled Zoospores - Reniform, biflagellate Oospores - Dark brown, thick walled Favourable conditions: Favourbale period - September of February Low temperature (23°C and below) and high relative humidity favour the disease. 11/07/2020 parveen

57. Mode of Spread and Survival 11/07/2020 parveen The fungus is soil-borne and survives as facultative saprophyte in the infected plant debris and in the soil as oospores and chlamydospores. The fungus mainly spreads from field to field through irrigation water. The secondary spread is through sporangia and zoospores disseminated by splash irrigation and wind-borne rains.

58. Management Collection, removal and destruction of infected plants and plant parts. Frequency of irrigation should be reduced during cold weather period. Clean cultivation and alternate cropping Soil drenching with 0.5% Bordeaux mixture at monthly intervals @ 500 ml/hill Application of neem cake or neemcake urea @ 150 kg N/ha/year near the root zone. 11/07/2020 parveen

59. Sclerotium foot rot and wilt - Sclerotium rolfsii Symptoms The vines of all stages are susceptible to the disease. The infection usually starts at the collar region. Whitish cottony mycelium is seen on the stem and roots. The stem portion shows rotting of tissues at the point of attack and the plants show dropping of leaves and withering finally dry up. 11/07/2020 parveen

60. Management Collection, removal and destruction of infected plants and plant parts. Frequency of irrigation should be reduced during cold weather period. Clean cultivation and alternate cropping Soil drenching with 0.5% Bordeaux mixture at monthly intervals @ 500 ml/hill Application of neem cake or neemcake urea @ 150 kg N/ha/year near the root zone. 11/07/2020 parveen

61. Etiology Pathogen Mycelium - Profusely branching, white to grayish in colour Sclerotia - Spherical, smooth, black and shiny Mode of spread Mode The fungus is mainly soil borne and it multiplies in the soil where there is copious supply of organic matter and moisture. It also spreads through irrigation water Survival: The fungus survives in the soil as well as in the infected debris as sclerotia of spread 11/07/2020 parveen

62. Management Application of mustard oil cake, ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate and ammonium phosphate in the soil reduce the mortality percentage. Earthing up of the vines to cover the sclerotial bodies to a depth of 75 mm and ploughing to a depth of 22 to30cm have also proved equally effective. Incorporation of bio-agent, Trichoderma viridae in the soil along with FYM caalso manage the disease effectively. 11/07/2020 parveen

63. Powdery mildew: Oidium piperis The disease affects the crop at all stages of its growth and infection is mainly noticed on tender shoots and leaves. / Whitish powdery growth is seen on both the surface of leaves which later enlarges and cover the major portion of the leaves. The affected tender shoots and buds are deformed and shrivelled and margins of leaves tu rn inwards. When the disease advances, the whitish growth turns to brown blotches and in servere cases, the leaves turn yellow and defoliation occurs. 11/07/2020 parveen

64. Etiology : Oidium piperis Hyphae - branched, hyaline, septate Conidiophore - short, club shaped, non septate produce chains of conidia. 11/07/2020 parveen Survival and spread The fungus survives in the form of a resting mycelium or encapsulated haustoria in the crop debris. Secondary spread occurs through wind borne conidi Favourable conditions: Cool weather coupled with mild temperature favour the development of disease.

65. Bacterial leaf spot andstem rot : Xanthomonas compestrivar.betlicola . Symptoms The disease starts as minute, small brown water soaked spots on leaves surrounded by yellow halo which later increase size and become necrotic are confined to the interveinal spacn giving angular in shape. The leaves lose their lusture, turn yellow and fall of The severity of infection is denoted by the appearance of stem infection. Initially small elongated black specks appear on lower nodes and internodes of the vine. These specks elongate along the length of vine. In some case the blackening may spread beyond the node of the adjacent inter node. 11/07/2020 parveen Angular necrotic regions

66. Survival and spread: The pathogens survive in soil, Bacteria spread through irrigation water . Favourable conditions :High temperature and high relative humidity favour the development of disease. 11/07/2020 parveen

67. Management Affected leaves should be removed and destroyed Infected vines should be removed and burnt. Spraying Bordeaux mixture 0.25% + 0.05% streptocycline should be done after harvesting the leaves. 11/07/2020 parveen

68. 11/07/2020 parveen THANK YOU