II BIOSENSOR PRINCIPLE APPLICATIONS AND WORKING II

This Presentation Discusses the Principle, construction, and Working of a Biosensor.

1. UNIT NO – 1 LECTURE NO -2 TOPIC – BIOSENSOR BACHELOR OF PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BP- 605T MR. ARPIT GUPTA (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR) (DR. RML INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY) 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected]

2. CONTENTS Introduction Main components of biosensor Working principle Types of biosensor Application Important questions References 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected]

3. INTRODUCTION Biosensor  is an analytical device, used for the detection of a chemical substance, that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. The  sensitive biologicalelement,e.g.tissue,microorganisms,organelles,cellreceptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc. It is a biologically derived material or biomimetic component that interacts with, binds with, or recognizes the analyte under study. The biologically sensitive elements can also be created by biological engineering. 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected]

4. 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] MAIN COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR Sensor Transducer Amplifier Processor Display un it it

5. 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] Sensor - It is a sensitive biological element (biological material (eg. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc). Transducer - Transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another form. Amplifier- An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can increase the power of a signal (a time-varying voltage or  current ) Processor - Its basic job is to receive input and provide the appropriate output . Display Unit- Performs signal conditioning such as amplification and conversion of signals from analogue into the digital form. The processed signals are then quantified by the  display unit  of the  biosensor

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7. 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] WORKING PRINCIPLE Biosensors are operated based on the principle of signal transduction. Bioreceptor, is allowed to interact with a specific analyte. The transducer measures this interaction and outputs a signal. The intensity of the signal output is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The signal is then amplified and processed by the electronic system.

8. FEATURES OF A BIOSENSOR 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] It should be highly specific for the analyte. The reaction used should be independent of manageable factors like pH, temperature, stirring, etc. The response should be linear over a useful range of analyte concentrations. The device should be tiny and bio-compatible. The device should be cheap, small, easy to use and capable of repeated use.

9. 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] TYPES OF BIOSENSOR Calorimetric Biosensors Potentiometric Biosensors Acoustic Wave Biosensors Amperometric Biosensors Optical Biosensors

10. 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] 1. Calorimetric Biosensor - Many enzyme catalysed reactions are exothermic, generating heat which may be used as a basis for measuring the rate of reaction and, hence, the analyte concentration. The analyte solution is passed through a small packed bed column containing immobilized enzyme; the temperature of the solution is determined just before entry of the solution into the column and just as it is leaving the column using separate thermistors. An example is the use of glucose oxidase for determination of glucose.

11. 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] 2. Potententiometric Biosensor Potentiometric biosensors  are developed by combining a biorecognition element (essentially an enzyme) with a transducer that senses the variation in protons (or other ions) amount, the recorded analytical signal being logarithmically correlated with the analyte concentration. Potentiometric biosensors make use of ion-selective electrodes in order to transduce the biological reaction into an electrical signal. In the simplest terms this consists of an immobilised enzyme membrane surrounding the probe from a pH-meter , where the catalysed reaction generates or absorbs hydrogen ions .

12. 3. Acoustic Wave Biosensors (Piezoelectric Biosensors) 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] A  piezoelectric sensor  is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them to an electrical charge. The prefix  piezo-  is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze ’. A piezoelectric sensor that could reliably detect the mycobacterial antigen in biological fluids would be of enormous use . 

13. 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] 4. Amperometric Biosensors Amperometric biosensors are self-contained integrated devices based on the measurement of the current resulting from the oxidation or reduction of an electroactive biological element providing specific quantitative analytical information.

14. 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] 5. Optical Biosensors :- These involve determining changes in light absorption between the reactants and products of a reaction, or measuring the light output by a luminescent process. A most promising biosensor involving luminescence uses firefly enzyme luciferase for detection of bacteria in food or clinical samples.

15. 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSOR Food analysis Study of Biomolecules and their interactions Drug development Crime detection Medical diagnosis Environmental field monitoring Industrial process control Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement of organs Monitoring glucose level in diabetes patients Protein engineering Wastewater treatment

16. : 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] Biosensors in Food Industry Biosensors are used for the detection of pathogens in food. Presence of Escherichia coli in vegetables, is a bioindicator of faecal contamination in food. E. coli has been measured by detecting variation in pH caused by ammonia (produced by urease– E. coli antibody conjugate) using potentiometric alternating biosensing systems. Enzymatic biosensors are also employed in the dairy industry.

17. Biosensors in Medical field 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected] Glucose biosensors are widely used in clinical applications for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. A novel biosensor, based on hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), has been used for early stage detection of human interleukin. These are also used for detection of cardiovascular diseases.

18. Biosensors in Drug Discovery and Drug Analysis E nzyme ‐based biosensors can be applied in the pharmaceutical industry f or monitoring chemical parameters in the production process (in bioreactors). Affinity biosensors are suitable for high‐throughput screening of bioprocess‐produced antibodies and for drug screening. Oligonucleotide‐immobilized biosensors for interactions studies between a surface linked DNA and the target drug or for hybridization studies. 7599900257 AG PHARMACY [email protected]

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