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1. Centre for Advanced Studies In-Campus Institution of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow A Research & Innovation Driven Institution with PG & PhD Programs in Engineering & Technology Presenting by, Aviral Chaurasia, M.Tech (2 nd Semester) Energy Science & Technology Programme, Centre for Advanced Studies, AKTU. SERB Sponsored Workshop at IIITDM, Jabalpur

2. Supervisor: Dr. Pappu Kumar, Assistant Professor, Energy Science & Technology, Centre for Advanced Studies, AKTU. Presenting by : Aviral Chaurasia , M.Tech (1 st Semester) , Energy Science & Technology, Centre for Advanced Studies, AKTU. “A Comprehensive Study on Photovoltaic Cell & its Synthesis Techniques” SERB Sponsored High End Workshop Karyashala on “Advanced Energy Materials for Next Generation Solar Cells”

3. Lab Facilities in CAS, AKTU 1 Dip Coating Electrospinning FTIR Spectrophotometer Brunauer –Emmett–Teller UV-VIS Spectroscopy Solar Simulator Spin Coater Thermogravimetric analysis

4. Lab Facilities in CAS, AKTU 2 Micro/Nano Characterization Lab Material Chemistry & Synthesis Lab Solar Collectors Parabolic Trough Collector Solar Tracker And many more…..

5. 01 Introduction Solar Energy, it’s Historical Background 02 03 Motivation Shows Interest Literature Survey Analysis of Previous Work & Outcomes 04 Problem Identification & Findings Literature Gaps & Challenges Outlines….. Solar Photovoltaic Cell Working Principle of PV Cell 05 06 Synthesis Techniques Thin Film Deposition Methods- PVD & CVD 07 08 References Citations & Sources Conclusion Wrapping Statement 09 Future Scope Future Plan of Work Acknowledgement Thanking You 10

6. First solar cell to generate electricity Edmond Becquerel discovered the Photovoltaic Effect Willoughby Smith Light particle heated on Selenium 1873 Charles Fritt 1 st Solar Panel Introduction 1839 Edmond Becquerel , a French scientist discovered the principle behind solar energy. Solar Energy is energy (light or heat) that comes from the Sun & composed of Photons . Sun releases enormous amount of energy due to continuous nuclear fusion reaction taking place inside the sun. It is clean, cheap and abundantly available renewable energy. It’s non polluting & helps in decreasing the greenhouse effect . It's harnessed using various technologies to convert sunlight into electricity or heat. Russell S. Ohl PN Junction History of Solar Energy 3. 1883 Solar Energy - A Bright Idea!! “I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. What source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait ‘til oil and coal run out before we tackle that.” - Thomas Edison

7. "I'm really interested in how we get energy from the sun using Solar Panels . These panels have tiny cells called PV Cells , and I want to dig deep into understanding how they work and how we can make them even better. It's like solving a puzzle to make sure we can use more clean and green energy from the sun. By doing this review, I hope to help others understand these solar cells too, and maybe even find new ways to make them work more efficiently . It's all about using the power of sunlight to create electricity in a smarter and more sustainable way." Passion for Sustainable Energy Interest in Solar Power Physics Behind PV Solar Cell Addressing Challenges Way to Improve Efficiency Nanomaterials in Solar Cell Solar Array in China Motivation 4.

8. Sr. No Authors Journal Publication Year Material Used Result/Outcomes 1 Athil S. Al- Ezzi , et. al Springer Nature 2022 - Solar Energy, Historical Overview & Development of Solar Panel 2 Pabitra  K. Nayak, et. al Nature 2022 - Semiconductors Physics behind PV Cell- (PN Junction), its Construction & Working 3 Khushboo Sharma, et.al RSC Advances 2023 Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ), Pt & Dye Dye Sensitized Cell (Efficiency: 11.9%) 4 Yang Li, Wei Huang, et.al MDPI- Molecules 2022 Carbon based (Fullerenes) Organic Cell (Efficiency: 15.6%) 5. G. Shilpa , et.al Nanoscale Research Letters 2023 CdSe , PbS , InAs Quantum Dots (Efficiency: 16.6% ) 6. Naveen Kumar Elangovan , et.al Physical Science 2023 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 / CsPbI 3 Perovskites (Efficiency: 23.7%) 7. SK Gonzales et.al Springer Nature 2020 Pure Silicon Crystalline Single Crystal Silicon (Efficiency: 26.1%) Sr. No Authors Journal Publication Year Material Used Result/Outcomes 1 Yusniza Yunus , et. al Polymers 2022 - Characteristics & Crucial Parameters of Thin Films 2 RS Goeke Sandia National Lab 2022 - Techniques of Thin Film Deposition 3 P. A. Savale Scholar Research Lib 2023 Metals-Al, Ag, Au, Ti , S/C: Si, GaAs Oxides & Nitrides Vacuum Deposition & Sputtering 4 Hund S Vansy Nature 2022 PS, PVA Spin Coating & Dip Coating ISR Phase- 2 ISR Phase- 1 Literature Review 5.

9. Doping in Extrinsic S/C 4. Si Si B B Holes (means have + ve charge) Si As Si Si Si Pentavalent Trivalent Electrons (means have – ve charge) P- type N- type + + P-N Junction N-type P- type Boron - Trivalent Impurity (3 electrons) Arsenic - Pentavalent Impurity (5 electrons)

10. Diffusion Process Opposite Direction Electrostatic Force F = qE Start Depositing to N Side - - - - + + + + e e e e - - - - + + + E e - e - e - e - + (Shortage of Charge Carriers) Depletion Layer Electrons & Holes diffuse each other + e - Neutral Charge p n i i e - Load + - i i e - e - E + + + + + - - - - - Radiation must reach on Depletion Layer Introduction Photovoltaic Cell 6. Sunlight (Solar Energy) Photovoltaic Effect Electricity Solar cells transform sunlight into electricity. When this happens inside a material, it is called the Photovoltaic Effect reflection light absorption e - transmission absorption e - e - e - e - ground state excited state this electron now has more energy

11. Introduction Photovoltaic Cell 7. n-layer junction p-layer e - e - e - + + + Diffused Layer n-layer junction p-layer e - e - e - e - e - - ve + ve Sunlight

12. What are Solar Cells made from? Most common material = Silicon Abundance Semiconductor Properties High Efficiency Manufacturability Durability & Compatibility Long lifetimes – very stable Single crystal Polycrystalline Amorphous Solar Cell Materials 8. Perovskites Quantum dots Organic cells Dye-sensitized cells Single crystal Si Made from a Single Crystalline Wafer Protective layer P-doped Si n-layer Junction Layer B- or Ga-doped Si p-layer usually glass Semiconductors Crystal Growth Techniques

13. Emerging Solar Cells 8. Quantum Dot Solar Cell: Easily tune the Bandgap & absorb the more light in absorber layer & enhance light absorption. Concentrated Photovoltaic Cell: Having reflector for focus & it also enhancing light for higher efficiency. Tandem (Multi-Junction) Solar Cell: Multijunction need is to prevent and minimize thermal losses. Bottom layer must have a highest Bandgap & with different Bandgap we can absorb different parts of light more effectively. Bifacial Solar Cell: Utilizing light from both side (ETL-HTL) Flexible & Wearable Solar Cell: Basically a Transparent that can be mount on roof of any Transport & others. PERL Solar Cell: To reduce the recombination rates and increase the separation of charge carriers. Passivation Layer: For Reducing Recombination Losses. Anti-reflection Coating : Minimizing Light Radiation Surface Texturing: To Increase the Path Lengths.

14. What do you think some challenges with solar energy might be? Storage System They don’t work at night or in cloudy weather Incoming Solar Radiation 1000 watts/m 2 800 W heat 200 W electricity They don’t use all the Sun’s Energy. Some Possible Answers : - The Sun isn’t always shining -The Sun changes position in the sky throughout the day -How to use all the Sun’s light? -Making durable Solar panels (9) ~51% reaches Earth’s Surface About half of the incoming Solar Energy reaches Earth 6% Reflected by atmosphere 20% Reflected by clouds 4% Reflected by Earth’s surface 16% Absorbed by atmosphere 3% Absorbed by clouds 100% Incoming Solar Energy Introduction Problem & Challenges 9.

15. Thin film is a very thin layer of material deposited onto a surface for various purpose in solar cells, electronics & other. Layer of any material ranging from a nanometer (10 -9 m) to several micrometers (10 -6 m) What is it? Thin film provides conducting regions within the device, used for interconnection of components & fabricating devices Why we do it? In this technique, a thin film is deposited on a substrate by vapour deposition methods How we do it? Thin Film Deposition Synthesis Thin Film Deposition 10. Thermal Evaporation Electron Beam Evaporation Sputtering (DC, RF) Spin Coating Drop Casting MOCVD Spray Pyrolysis Physical Methods Chemical Methods Substrate Film Physical Vapour Deposition is physical process where material is removed from a target and deposited on to a substrate from a physical source. It is a technique which is used to deposit thin film of one atom at a time onto various semiconductors wafers Chemical Vapour Deposition is chemical reactions which transform gaseous molecules, called precursor, into a solid material, in the form of thin film or powder, on the surface of a substrate Characteristics of Thin Films , Thickness (1-100 nm) Composition (Zinc Blende, ZnO 2, SiO 2 ) Uniformly Coating Rough Surface Crystallinity (Atom arrangement should be periodic) Should be free from any voids. Should have high resistivity Capable of operating at high temperature Stress in film should be controllable in order to prevent cracking.

16. In this Source & Substrate material to be Evaporated are placed in Bell Jar. The Source material is heated by an electrical unit until it Vapourizes . When the Source material’s Vapour Pressure exceeds that existing in the bell jar the material Vapourize rapidly. The Vapourize atoms radiate in all the directions and condense on all lower temperature surface including the Substrate. Source Heat Vapour Condense Substrate Vaporized Material Evaporant Charge (Source Material) Tungsten Filament (Heater) Bell Jar Substrate To high current source To vacuum pump Source Substrate whose layer I have to generate on which layer I have to generate Substrate d e po s it e d Al film Al vapor Al Source Heater Evaporated atom from source (Vaporized Particle) Coating on wall The source material is evaporated and deposited on a substrate Boat Source is loaded in boat and heat is provided with the help of heater Then this material will evaporate and deposit over a substrate And substrate holder is rotated continuously to get proper deposition of thin film PVD Thermal Evaporation 11.

17. Cathode (Target) Anode Deposited Atom Argon Ions Vacuum enclosure + Substrate Material to be deposited DC or Sputtering Voltage To vacuum pump Bell Jar Bombardment of metal ions on cathode as a result source material convert into vapour form and condensed onto the substrate. In this process metal atoms are released from a cathode constituting the source material as a result of high energy bombardment . These released atoms forms a thin film layer on the substrate. Target = source material waf er Al Al Ar plasma Deposited Al film heat substrate to ~ 300 o C (optional) Negative Bias ( kV) I Al target Ar + Ar + Al Why Argon? PVD Sputtering Method 12 Substrate for film deposition

18. Spin Coating is a common technique used in the fabrication of thin-film solar cells. Procedure used to deposit uniform thin films onto a flat substrate . Precursor material is put over a substrate. Substrate is rotated & due to centrifugal force the solution will spread over the substrate. And a good quality of thin film is formed after evaporation of the solvent material. Machine is called as spin coater or spinner. 1. Fluid Dispense 2. Spin Up 3. Spin Off 4. Evaporation Target material is put over a substrate Removal of the excess of liquid from the substrate Due to rotation, the precursor spread out over a substrate To get a uniform thin film Spraying Tube Coating Solution Coating Area Substrate Roating Base CVD Spin Coating 13

19. In summary, the literature review shows that solar cells, which turn sunlight into electricity , have come a long way. We've learned about different types of solar cells and seen how they've improved over time. However, there are still challenges like how to make them more efficient and consider their impact on the environment . While solar energy is promising, there's work to be done. Policies, like government rules and incentives, play a big role, and the future could bring exciting advancements like see-through solar panels. Thin film deposition is at the heart of nanotechnology, where materials are manipulated at the atomic or molecular scale. Nanoscale thin films have unique properties that are revolutionizing fields like medicine, sensors, and materials science. Thin film deposition is a fascinating process used to create very thin layers of materials on surfaces. These films have amazing properties and can be used in many important things we use every day, like computer chips, solar cells, and even in making scratch-resistant coatings for glasses. Conclusion 14.

20. Future Plan 15. In future research endeavours, I intend to expand the scope of investigation to include characterization of thin films deposited during the synthesis process. This aspect is essential for comprehensively understanding the properties and performance of photovoltaic (PV) cells. The future plan encompasses the following key aspects: Characterization Techniques: Implementing a range of characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and spectroscopy to analyse the structural, morphological, and optical properties of thin films. These techniques will provide valuable insights into the composition, crystal structure, surface morphology, and electronic properties of the deposited films X-ray Diffraction (XRD): In this I will analyse the crystal structure of thin films to determine their composition and quality. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): It provides high-resolution images of thin films to study their surface morphology and defect. Spectroscopy: It measures the optical and electronic properties of thin films, such as absorbance and conductivity. Quality Assessment: Conducting systematic analysis to evaluate the quality and uniformity of thin films across the substrate. This includes identifying defects, impurities, and grain boundaries that may impact the performance and efficiency of PV cell.

21. 1.Prajapati, T., Priyam , A. (2023). A Review on Photovoltaic Cells. In: Namrata , K., Priyadarshi , N., Bansal , R.C., Kumar, J. ( eds ) Smart Energy and Advancement in Power Technologies. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 926. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4971-5_36 2.Al-Ezzi, A.S.; Ansari , M.N.M. Photovoltaic Solar Cells: A Review.  Appl. Syst. Innov .  2022,  5 , 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5040067 3.Neeraj Kant, Pushpendra Singh, Review of next generation photovoltaic solar cell technology (2022), Vol. 56, Pages 3460-3470https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.116. 4.Sharma, K., Sharma, V. & Sharma, S.S. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Fundamentals and Current Status.  Nanoscale Res Lett  13, 381 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2760-6 5.G. Shilpa , P. Mohan Kumar, D. Kishore Kumar, P.R. Deepthi , Veera Sadhu , Anu Sukhdev , Raghava Reddy Kakarla , “Recent advances in the development of high efficiency quantum dot” (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2023.05.001. 6.Naveen Kumar Elangovan , Raju Kannadasan , B.B. Beenarani , Mohammed H. Alsharif , Mun-Kyeom Kim, Z. Hasan Inamul , “Recent developments in perovskite materials, solar cells” (2024), Vol. 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.12.068. 7.Li Y, Huang W, Zhao D, Wang L, Jiao Z, Huang Q, Wang P, Sun M, Yuan G. Recent Progress in Organic Solar Cells: on Materials from Acceptor to Donor. Molecules”. (2022) Mar 10;27(6):1800. doi : 10.3390/molecules27061800. References 16.