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1. IMMUNIZATION BY PADMA LHAMO MSc ZOOLOGY 2 ND SEM

2. CONTENTS Introduction 01 Types of immunization 02 History and Discovery 04 Process of Immunization 03 Importance of immunization 05

3. INTRODUCTION IMMUNITY refers to  the body's ability to prevent the invasion of pathogens . Pathogens are foreign disease-causing substances, such as bacteria and viruses, and people are exposed to them every day. Antigens are attached to the surface of pathogens and stimulate an immune response in the body. There are two types of immunity:- Innate immunity. Adaptive immunity. 01 IMMUNIZATION is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).It is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live or killed or attenuated organisms in the individual system to create immunity. Immunization is a artificial means by which the state of immunity is increased. This is the most important invention that conferred the highest benefit to children in the world. It has prevented many communicable diseases such as Diphtheria and Polio. It has helped eradicate polio and smallpox for the community. Recently ,a highly successful introduction of immunization against Covid 19 has achieved that reduced the novel epidemic of coronavirus.

4. HISTORY AND DISCOVERY 02 Before the introduction of vaccines, people could only become immune to an infectious disease by contracting the disease and surviving it.  The first vaccine was introduced by British physician Edward Jenner, who in 1796 used the cowpox virus (vaccinia) to confer protection against smallpox, a related virus, in humans. Prior to that use, however, the principle of vaccination was applied by Asian physicians who gave children dried crusts from the lesions of people suffering from smallpox to protect against the disease. While some developed immunity, others developed the disease. Jenner’s contribution was to use a substance similar to, but safer than, smallpox to confer immunity. He thus exploited the relatively rare situation in which immunity to one virus confers protection against another viral disease. In 1881 French microbiologist Louis Pasteur demonstrated immunization against anthrax by injecting sheep with a preparation containing attenuated forms of the bacillus that causes the disease. Four years later he developed a protective suspension against rabies.

5. From at least the 15th century, people in different parts of the world have attempted to prevent illness by intentionally exposing healthy people to smallpox– a practice known as variolation 1806 Dr Edward Jenner created the worlds first successful vaccine. He found that people infected with cowpox were immune to small pox 1918-1919 1971 WHO launches the Global Polio Eradication initiative 2016 The success of the Meningitis Vaccine Project highlights the key role public-private partnerships can play in helping to develop vaccines. 1796 1885 1967 1988 2019 2021 The measles vaccine (1963) is combined with recently developed vaccines against mumps(1967) and rubella (1969) into a single vaccination(MMR). WHO prequalifies an Ebola vaccine for use in countries at high risk. Louis Pasteur successfully prevents rabies through post exposure vaccination Mass vaccination begins with the world health organization announcing the intensified smallpox eradication programme , French emperor Napolean Bonaparte and American President Thomas Jefferson acknowledge Dr Edward Jenners work and endorse the small pox vaccine The Spanish flu pandemic kills 1 in 67 united states soldier ,making an influenza vaccine a US military priority WHO calls on member States to prioritize vaccination against covid-19 of health workers and at risk in all countries.

6. Passive immunization is where pre-synthesized elements of the immune system are transferred to a person so that the body does not need to produce these elements itself. Currently, antibodies can be used for passive immunization. This method of immunization begins to work very quickly, but it is short lasting, because the antibodies are naturally broken down, and if there are no B cells to produce more antibodies, they will disappear. Types of immunization Active immunization 01 Passive immunization 02 Immunization can be achieved in an active or passive manner: Vaccination is an active form of immunization. When immune system is exposed to molecules that are foreign to the body, called  non-self , it will orchestrate an immune response, and it will also develop the ability to quickly respond to a subsequent encounter because of immunological memory. This is a function of the  adaptive immune system . Therefore, by exposing a human, or an animal, to an immunogen in a controlled way, its body can learn to protect itself, this is called active immunization. 03

7. Major constituents of vaccine Adjuvants Live virus , killed bacteria , toxoids Active immunizing agent Sterile water, saline or tissue culture fluid. A1 salts frequently used Suspending fluid Preservatives, stabilizers and antibiotics Thiomersal ,neomycin, kanamycin

8. Types of Vaccine 02 Inactivated vaccine ~by killing the disease-causing microbe with chemicals, heat, or radiation. Such vaccines are more stable and safer than live vaccine. Because dead microbes can't mutate back to their disease-causing state. Example: Vaccines against influenza, inactivated polio vaccine, hepatitis A etc. 03 Subunit vaccine ~These vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness. Toxins are inactivate by treating them with formalin. Such "detoxified" toxins, called toxoids, are safe for use in vaccines. Example: Diphtheria, Tetanus toxoid Live attenuated vaccine ~ contains a version of the living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it can't cause disease. Because a live, attenuated vaccine is the closest thing to a natural infection, these vaccines are good "teachers" of the immune system. Example: Vaccines against polio (OPV), measles, mumps, rubella and chickenpox 01 Toxoids Instead of the entire microbe, subunit vaccines include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system. Because subunit vaccines contain only the essential antigens and not all the other molecules that make up the microbe. Example: Plague immunization 05 mRNA vaccines make proteins in order to trigger an immune response. mRNA vaccines have several benefits compared to other types of vaccines, including shorter manufacturing times and, because they do not contain a live virus, no risk of causing disease in the person getting vaccinated. Example:-COVID-19 04 Messenger RNA vaccines

9. Process of immunization All cells are surrounded by a structure called It serves as a boundary between the cell's internal and external environments Secondary Response 04 Primary Response

10. How vaccine works ? 02 The body’s immune cells make antibodies to attack the pathogen 03 If the body is exposed to the pathogen again, the body will be prepared with antibodies The body is exposed to a weakened or dead pathogen 01 Enhanced active immunity 04

11. Expanded Programme on Immunization was launched in 1978. It was renamed as Universal Immunization Programme in 1985 when its reach was expanded beyond urban areas. In 1992, it became part of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme and in 1997 it was included in the ambit of National Reproductive and Child Health Programme. Since the launch of National Rural Health Mission in 2005, Universal Immunization Programme has always been an integral part of it. Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) is one of the largest public health programmes targeting close of 2.67 crore newborns and 2.9 crore pregnant women annually. It is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions and largely responsible for reduction of vaccine preventable under-5 mortality rate. Under UIP, immunization is providing free of cost against 12 vaccine preventable diseases: Nationally against 9 diseases - Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Measles, Rubella, severe form of Childhood Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B and Meningitis & Pneumonia caused by Hemophilus Influenza type B Sub-nationally against 3 diseases - Rotavirus diarrhoea, Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Japanese Encephalitis; of which Rotavirus vaccine and Pneumococcal Conjugate vaccine are in process of expansion while JE vaccine is provided only in endemic districts. A child is said to be fully immunized if child receives all due vaccine as per national immunization schedule within 1st year age of child. Immunization schedule should be planned according to the needs of the community. • It must be effective, feasible and acceptable by the community. Every country has its own immunization schedule. •The WHO launched global immunization program in 1974, known as Expended program on Immunization(EPI) to protect all children of the world against six killer disease. 10. Cont… • In INDIA EPI was launched in January 1978. • The EPI is now renamed as Universal Child Immunization, as per declaration sponsored by UNICEF. • IN India, it is called as Universal Immunization Program(UIP) and was launched in 1985, November, for the universal coverage of immunization to the eligible population.

12. Structure Function Life cycle Mercury is the smallest planet Mars is actually a cold place Saturn is a gas giant with rings Venus has a beautiful name Jupiter is the biggest planet Earth is the planet where we live on Neptune is very far from the Sun Ceres is located in the asteroid belt Pluto is considered a dwarf planet

13. Conclusion According to a report published by the World Health Organization, immunization averts an estimated 2-3 million deaths every year, providing protection from diphtheria, pneumonia, pertussis (whooping cough), rotavirus diarrhea, rubella, tetanus, smallpox, polio, mumps, and measles. When enough vaccinations are given, the community as a whole can be protected against the disease, even those who have not been infected. This is referred to as herd immunity. Immunization are important for both adults and children in that they can protect us from the many diseases out there. Immunization not only protects children against deadly diseases but also helps in developing children's immune systems. Through the use of immunizations, some infections and diseases have almost completely been eradicated throughout the World. One example is small pox and polio.  The importance of immunization is so great that the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has named it one of the "Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century".

14. Matrix Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet 01 Granules Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun 02 DNA Despite being red, Mars is a cold place 04 Membrane Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun 03