Immunological_Disorders_Nursing_Perspective.pptx

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1. Immunological Disorders – Nursing Perspective Diagnostic, Medical-Surgical, and Nursing Management For Nurses & Nurse Assistants

2. Learning Objectives - Define and understand major immunological disorders - Review diagnostic procedures - Discuss medical-surgical management - Apply nursing process framework - Explore HIV/AIDS, hypersensitivity, and autoimmune conditions

3. Introduction to Immunological Disorders Definition: Conditions in which the immune system is underactive, overactive, or misdirected against self. - Types: Immunodeficiency, Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity - Impact: Recurrent infections, exaggerated allergic reactions, chronic organ damage

4. Diagnostic Tests for Immunological Disorders - CBC with differential (WBC abnormalities) - Immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE) - ELISA / Western blot (HIV, autoimmune markers) - ANA, Anti-dsDNA, RF (autoimmune diseases) - Skin testing (allergy, hypersensitivity) - Biopsies / Imaging for lymphoid organs

5. Medical-Surgical Management Definition: Use of medicines, procedures, and surgeries to restore immune balance and prevent complications. - Pharmacologic: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, biologics, antiretrovirals - Surgical: Splenectomy, thymectomy, lymph node biopsy - Supportive therapy: IVIG, plasmapheresis - Infection control: Isolation, prophylactic antibiotics - Lifestyle: Nutrition, stress reduction, vaccination

6. Nursing Process – Introduction Definition: A systematic framework used by nurses to provide holistic, evidence-based care. - Steps: Assessment → Diagnosis → Planning → Implementation → Evaluation

7. Nursing Process – Assessment - History: infections, allergies, autoimmune conditions - Physical exam: skin, lymph nodes, mucous membranes - Labs and diagnostic results - Psychosocial: coping, support system

8. Nursing Process – Diagnosis - Risk for infection - Impaired skin/mucous membrane integrity - Ineffective coping - Knowledge deficit

9. Nursing Process – Planning - Prevent infection and complications - Promote adherence to treatment - Improve quality of life - Provide education and psychosocial support

10. Nursing Process – Implementation - Monitor vital signs, infection markers - Administer medications as prescribed - Educate on hand hygiene, safe practices - Emotional support & counseling - Coordinate multidisciplinary care

11. Nursing Process – Evaluation - Reduced infection episodes - Patient demonstrates knowledge of treatment - Stable vital signs and lab values - Improved coping strategies

12. HIV/AIDS – Introduction Definition: A chronic viral infection caused by HIV, which destroys CD4+ T cells leading to AIDS. - Global concern: Millions affected worldwide - Transmission: Blood, sexual contact, mother-to-child

13. HIV/AIDS – Pathophysiology - HIV targets CD4+ T cells - Decreased immunity → opportunistic infections - Progression: Acute infection → Latency → AIDS

14. HIV/AIDS – Diagnostic Tests - ELISA (screening) - Western blot / PCR (confirmation) - CD4 count & Viral load monitoring - Opportunistic infection screening

15. HIV/AIDS – Medical Management - Antiretroviral therapy (ART) - Prophylaxis: Cotrimoxazole (PCP prevention) - Vaccination: Non-live vaccines - Nutrition & mental health support

16. HIV/AIDS – Nursing Management - Medication adherence education - Prevent infection transmission - Counsel on safe practices - Support for stigma and coping - Regular monitoring of CD4 & viral load

17. Hypersensitivity – Introduction Definition: An exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to an antigen, causing tissue injury or disease. - Types I–IV based on mechanism

18. Hypersensitivity – Types & Examples - Type I: Anaphylaxis, allergy (IgE mediated) - Type II: Cytotoxic (e.g., transfusion reaction) - Type III: Immune complex (SLE, RA) - Type IV: Delayed (TB test, contact dermatitis)

19. Hypersensitivity – Management - Type I: Epinephrine, antihistamines, steroids - Type II: Stop causative agent, supportive care - Type III: Anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants - Type IV: Remove trigger, corticosteroids

20. Autoimmune Disorders – Introduction Definition: Diseases in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. - Chronic and progressive - Affects multiple organs or systems

21. Autoimmune Disorders – Examples - SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) - Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis - Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

22. Autoimmune Disorders – Diagnostics - ANA, RF, Anti-CCP, Anti-dsDNA - CBC, ESR, CRP - Imaging: MRI, X-rays (joint changes) - Biopsy (skin, kidney, thyroid)

23. Autoimmune Disorders – Medical-Surgical Management - Drugs: Corticosteroids, DMARDs, Biologics - Plasmapheresis / IVIG - Surgery: Joint replacement, thyroidectomy - Rehabilitation therapy

24. Autoimmune Disorders – Nursing Care Plan - Monitor for side effects of immunosuppressants - Educate on infection prevention - Pain management & mobility support - Psychosocial support - Encourage adherence & follow-up

25. Infection Control in Immunological Disorders - Hand hygiene - PPE & isolation when required - Safe food & water practices - Patient/family education

26. Summary - Immunological disorders vary from deficiency to hyperactivity - Diagnosis relies on labs & imaging - Medical-surgical management: drugs, surgery, supportive care - Nursing process ensures holistic care - HIV/AIDS, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity are key focus areas

27. References - CDC Guidelines (HIV, immunology) - WHO Clinical Guidelines - NCBI/StatPearls: Immunological Disorders & Nursing - Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing - Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing