Immunology

Basic immunology
Innate and Adaptive immunity

1. Presented By Tasmina Ferdous Susmi Dept. of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Jessore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh

2. Immunology

3. Index Basic definition History Types of immunity Innate and adaptive immunity Details of innate immunity Adaptive immunity Cellular and humoral immunity Active and passive immunity Differences of innate and adaptive immunity

4. Immunology: branch of biomedical that is concerned with immune system and immunity. Immune System: the integrated body system of organs, tissues, cells and cell products that differentiated self from non-self and neutralize pathogenic organism. Immunity: the ability of organism to resist a particular infection or toxicity action. Immune Response: any reaction by immune system.

5. history 430 B.C. Thucydides People have been sicked free from illness 1798 Jenner Vaccination 1880 Pasteur Attenuated chicken cholera vaccine 1890 Dehring/ Kitasato Antitoxin- humoral immunity hypothesis 1883 Metchnikoff Endocytosis- cytoimmunity hypothesis 1905 Pirquet/ Schick Horse serum sickness 1945 Owen/ B urnet Immune tolerance hypothesis 1959 Burnet Clonal selection hypothesis

6. Innate immunity: most ancient line of defense, some form found in all multi cellular plants and animals . Adaptive immunity : more recent evolutionary and evolved in jawed vertebrates. It complements innate immunity .

7. Mechanism of innate and adaptive immunity

8. Innate Immunity Also called natural or native immunity. Consists of cellular and bio-chemical defense mechanisms. Responds to non-specific foreign substances Principle components: Physical and chemical barriers, such as epithelia and antimicrobial chemicals produced at epithelial surfaces Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophage), dendritic cells and natural killer (NK), cells and other innate lymphoid cells. Blood proteins, including members of the complement system and other mediators of inflammation.

9. Cells that mainly involves in Innate immunity system

10. Innate Immunity Mainly two types of defense: External Defense. Skin; Hairs; Cilia; Tears and saliva; Cerumen or ear wax; Mucus membrane etc. Internal Defense. Phagocytes Natural killer cells Inflammation Acute-phase proteins Fever

11. External defense

12. Phagocytosis A process by which certain ,living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf non-self particles. Greek word phagein means “to eat” or “devour” and cyte , the suffix in biology denoting “cell”. Essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. This process depends on: Presence of strong electric charge. Presence of antibodies and complement components on the cell surface. Surface of the particle.

13. Phagocytes includes: Neutrophills Monocytes Macrophages Mast cells Dendritic cells

14. Natural killer cells Are lymphocytes in the same family as T and B cells Best for killing virally infected cells In detection and controlling early sign of cancer Activates through activating receptor recognize molecules that express on the surface of cancer cells and infected cells. Depends on balance of signals by activating and inhibitory receptor.

15. Mechanism of Action Normal healthy cells express MHC-I molecules to marks them inhibited against NK function. MHC-I + inhibitory receptor = no killing action Tumor cells or infected cells don’t have MHC-I. No MHC-I + inhibitory receptor= killing action

16. Balance of NK cells

17. inflammation The reaction of living tissue to either an injury or an infection. Characterized by heat, redness, swelling and pain. Process initiated by variety of tissue products such as histamine, bradykinin, serotonin and prostaglandins.

18. Major events of inflammation

19. Mechanism of app

20. Acute-phase proteins (APP) A group of heterogeneous plasma proteins. Includes C-reactive protein(CRP), serum amyloid A(SAA), fibrinogen, manose binding proteins, complement components etc. In response to tissue damage, secretion of cytokines stimulates the liver to produce APP. Function: Stimulates phagocytosis. Act as opsonins. Activates complement system. Clumping the invading microbes.

21. fever The condition of an abnormally high body temperature, accompanied by increase pulse rate and dry skin. Physiological response to infection. Component: Monocyte Pyrogens Hypothalmus

22. The scheme of fever response Infection Monocyte activation Pyrogen (cytokines) Hypothalmus thermoregulatory centre Fever Lipo-polysaccharide

23. Events of infection Entry of foreign substances. Rushes of immune cell to the infectious site. Recognition of antigens. Phagocytosis and killing. Inflammation induction. Elimination of antigen or switch on adaptive immunity. Repair and remodeling.

24. Pathogen recognition Always not required whole pathogen. A part of pathogen enough for recognition. Need to match molecular pattern. Example Specific cell wall organization of bacteria

25. Adaptive immunity Responds to specific foreign substances. Exhibits memory with an enhanced response to subsequent challenge. Requires priming specific cells help to start the acquired immune response. Cellular immunity: T and B cells. Humoral immunity: Antibodies.

26. Cellular immunity Immunity engage in a cell-to-cell contact. Causing damage or death to the cells of pathogens, cancer cells or infected cells. Includes: Phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils. Action of NK cells. Attack of cytotoxic T-cells.

27. Cell Mediated Immunity of T-cell.

28. Humoral immunity Involves not so much of cells directly. Secretion of antibody. Neutralizing of toxin through antibody. Antibody mediated pathway. Main player B-cell. Memory response.

29. Humoral or Antibody Mediated Immunity of B-cell

30. Overview of humoral and cellular response

31. Active and Passive Immunity

32. Active and Passive Immunity

33. Differentiation between innate and adaptive Attributes Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Response time Minutes/hours Days Specificity Mainly non-specific Highly specific; discriminates between even minor differences Diversity A limited number of conserved, germ-line encoded receptors Highly diverse; a large number of receptors arising from genetic recombination of receptor genes Memory responses Not really Persistent memory with, faster response Self/non self discrimination Perfect; no microbes specific self/ non self patterns in host Very good; rarely failure of discrimination Soluble component of blood Many antimicrobial peptides, proteins and other mediators Antibodies and cytokines Major cell types Phagocytes; NK cells; other leukocytes etc T cells; B cells. Antigen presenting cells

34. Thank you