Implementing ICT4D: ICTs for Development

ICT for development

1. Implementing ICT4D Session 3 “ICTs for Development” course

2. The ICT4D v alue chain Precursors -Data systems -Legal -Institutional -Human -Technological -Leadership & vision -Drivers/demand Inputs -Data -Money -Labour and knowledge -Technology -Values and motivations -Political support -Goals and objectives Intermediates/deliverables -Locations (e.g. telecentres ) -ICTs (e.g. PC, mobile, tablet) -Software applications Outputs -New communication patterns -New information and decisions -New actions and transactions Outcomes -Financial and other quantitative benefits -Qualitative benefits - Disbenefits Development impacts -Public goals (e.g. SDGs) - Other impacts (intended and unintended) Strategy Implementation Adoption Use Exogenous factors READINESS UPTAKE IMPACT AVAILABILITY Sustainability Scalability Enablers Constraints Adapted from Heeks 2014b

3. Overview of ICT4D strategy Where are we now? Where do we want to get to? Where do we want to get to?

4. Steps of ICT4D strategy 1. Create ICT4D planning s tructures/roles 2a. Audit current ICT4D 2b. Get guidance from w ider strategy 3. Set ICT4D objectives and principles 4a. Determine ICT4D technical a rchitecture 4b. Determine ICT4D social a rchitecture 5. Disseminate and plan ICT4D actions 6. Manage, evolve and review ICT4D strategy Adapted from Heeks 2006a

5. ITPOSMO checklist and design– r eality g aps I nformation T echnology P rocesses O bjectives and values S taffing and skills M anagement systems and structures O ther resources I nformation T echnology P rocesses O bjectives and values S taffing and skills M anagement systems and structures O ther resources Reality Design Gap Technical a rchitecture Social a rchitecture Adapted from Heeks 2002b

6. ICT4D technical a rchitecture ICT4D technical a rchitecture Development processes Data management ICT Data Telecommunications Hardware Software Data flow

7. ICT4D p roject evaluation “World Bank ICT projects with the objective to directly promote target access for the underserved and the poor had limited success; only 30 percent have achieved their objectives.” (IEG 2011:xiv) “Of the papers examined, 70% (28 of the 40) referred to or reflected on some level of failure or unintended negative outcomes related to the use, uptake, or adoption of ICTs in developing communities.” (Dodson et al. 2013:23) “We follow the prospects of 36 private telecenters which were opened at various times between November 2001 and February 2004. By May 2005, 32 of these 36 telecenters had closed.” (Best & Kumar 2008:31)

8. Principles for digital d evelopment EXERCISE : Select one principle that you feel is most important. Why is that the most important? Image source: http://digitalprinciples.org/

9. ICT4D Project design–reality g ap a ctions Evaluate s ize of design–reality gaps Identify problematically large g aps Take action to c lose t hose gaps

10. The ICT4D “prime q uestion” What’s in i t f or m e?

11. Diffusion of I nnovations c urves Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations#/media/File:Diffusion_of_ideas.svg

12. Diffusion of Innovations attributes Relative advantage Compatibility Complexity Trialability Observability

13. ICT4D evaluation o verview Why? For W hom? What? How? (1) When? How? (2) Pilot & Action

14. Changing focus for ICT4D e valuation over t ime Time Readiness - awareness - infrastructure - d igital d ivide Uptake - demand - usage - use divide Impact - micro-outputs - outcomes - development contribution Level of ICT4D activity Availability - supply - implementation Adapted from Heeks 2009a and Heeks 2014b

15. Increasing complexity of ICT4D evaluation Single goal Single method Multi-goal Multi-stakeholder Multi-method

16. ICT4D e valuation issues Perception vs. reality Whose evaluation? Unintended outcomes Negative outcomes Attribution

17. Perspectives on ICT4D impacts and causes Optimism (“It will be good”) Pessimism (“It will be bad”) Impacts associated w ith ICT4D Technological determinism (“ICTs cause …”) Social determinism (“Society causes …”) Socio-technical contingency (“It depends …”) Causes of i mpacts associated w ith ICT4D Mixed (“It will be good and bad”) Adapted from Heeks 1999