importance of micronutrients for crops.pptx

importance of micronutrients for crops.

1. Importance of Micronutrient for Crops 2

2. Introduction Micronutrients have been called minor or trace elements indicating that their concentration in plant tissues are minor or in trace amounts relative to the macronutrients (Mortvedt,2000) Micronutrients are essential for the normal growth of plants. Deficiencies of micronutrient drastically affects the growth, metabolism and reproductive phase of plants 2 The es s enti a l m i cronu t r i e n ts are zinc(Zn), mang a nese ( M n), co p per(Cu), i ron(F e ), boron(B), molybdenum(Mo) and chlorine(Cl) These micronutrients are as important as major nutrients for plant development and profitable crop production

3. C o n t d …. 5 Nutrient deficiencies are not restricted only to N,P,K but have also extended to Zn, B, Fe, and S (Singh 1999 ; Swarup and Ganeshamurthy 1998). The t r end o f mic r onutr i ent def i ci e nci e s is changing defi c ie n c y , i. e . i nst e a d cluster o f sing l e n u t r ie n t o f micronutr i ent deficiencies are exhibited. Deficiencies of Zn and Fe are widespread followed by Mn and B under Indian conditions

4. Mic r on u t r ient d e fi c ien c ies in c r op plan t s a r e widespread due to : Intensive cropping practices and adoption of high yielding cultivars Enh a nc e d prod u c t ion o f c r o p s o n ma r g i nal soils increased use of high analysis fertilizers D e c r e a s ed u s e o f anim a l manure s , composts, and crop residues. Cultivation on soils that are inherently low in micronutrients reserves 4

5. Factor affecting micronutrient availability Total content in soil Soil texture Organic matter content Soil pH Soil aeration Nutrient interaction 8

6. 6 General Conditions conducive to micronutrient deficiency/ toxicity Leached, Sandy Soils Organic Soils Intensive Cropping Extremes of pH Eroded Soils Parent Materials

7. Zinc Corn – for Zn d e fi c i e n c y

8. COPPER Catalyses several plant processes Major function in photosynthesis Increases sugar content Intensifies colour Improves flavour of fruits and vegetables. 8

9. Manganese Function as a part of certain enzyme systems Aids in chlorophyll synthesis Involved in N metabolism and assimilation. 9

10. BORON Essential for germination of pollen grains and growth of pollen tubes. Essential for seed and cell wall formation. Promotes maturity Necessary for sugar translocation 10

11. Molybdenum Required to form the “nitrate reductase” which reduces nitrate to ammonium in plant. Aids in the formation of legume nodules. Needed to convert inorganic phosphates to organic forms in the plant. 11

12. CHLORINE Activator of enzyme. Enhances maturity of small grains IRON Promotes formation of chlorophyll Acts as a oxygen carrier Reactions involving cell division and growth 12

13. 13 Crop response to micronutrients on mineral soils Crop Boron Copper Iron Manganese Zinc Wheat Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Rice Low Medium Medium Medium High Soybeans Medium Low Low High Medium Barley Low Medium Low Medium Medium Potatoes Low Low Low High Low Cabbage High Medium Low Medium Medium

14. Effect of potassium and zinc on wheat yield (g/pot) K Levels (mg/kg) Levels of zinc (mg/kg) 2.5 5.0 10.0 4.5 4.8 5.0 4.0 30 4.9 5.1 5.3 4.4 60 5.5 5.5 4.8 4.5 120 5.2 5.4 5.5 4.6 CD (P=0.05) K or Zn 0.07 23 Singh et al. (1993) Location: Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) Sandy loam soil, pH =8.1

15. Effect of Boron and Manganese on grain yield of wheat( g/pot) Mn levels (mg/kg) B levels( mg/kg) 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 0.0 5.00 5.80 6.60 4.00 2.5 5.90 6.80 7.40 4.80 5.0 6.26 7.00 7.60 5.12 10.0 6.20 6.80 7.20 4.70 CD (P=0.05) 0.18 24 Singh et al .(2000) Location: Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) Sandy loam soil, pH =8.3

16. Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on wheat yield Treatments Plant height (cm) No. of spikes/m 2 No. of s pi ke let/ spike No. of gr a in s / spike Grain yield ( kg/ha) Control 99.7 368.0 19.9 57.8 6267.85 Cu 500ppm 108.6 425.3 21.1 64.3 7039.28 Mn 500 110.3 436.4 21.5 65.2 7167.85 Fe 500 108.5 423.1 21.3 64.7 7071.42 Zn 500ppm 112.1 445.7 21.7 66.1 7342.8 Mixture 116.1 468.9 22.1 69.8 7517.85 CD 5% 0.9 7.8 0.2 0.5 S 26 Seadh et al.( 2009) L o c a ti o n: T ag A l - Ez z (Eg y pt) Clay loam, pH= 7.6-7.8

17. Effect of zinc application on yield and yield attributes of rice Zinc (Kg/h a ) Plant height ( cm) No. of panicle / sq.m Da y s to maturity Yield ( t/ha) 95.8 299.7 130.5 5.47 15 92.4 334.8 128.3 5.96 30 94.4 338.7 127.3 5.75 45 93.9 342.8 124.8 5.76 CD 5% NS NS NS NS 27 Yakan et al. 1999 Location: Edirne province(Turkey) Texture : clay loam, pH =7.7

18. Effect of zinc on grain and stover yield of maize Zn levels ( kg/ha) Grain yield (q/ha) Stover yield (q/ha) 25.04 63.86 2.5 27.35 69.01 5 29.70 74.83 10 29.00 71.82 CD (P=0.05) 1.25 3.06 28 Dwivedi et al .(2002) Location : Kanpur (U.P.) Sandy loam, pH =7.7-7.8

19. Effect of zinc and manganese on tuber yield of potato Treatments No. of tuber/ plant Mean tuber weight (g) Tuber yield (kg/ha) Zn levels (ppm) 9.47 b 70.52 b 27340 c 2 10.48 a 70.82 b 29390 b 4 10.95 a 72.38 b 32500 a 8 10.99 a 75.59 a 34170 a CD (P =0.01) ** ** ** Mn levels (ppm) 10.20 b 69.80 b 29360 c 2 10.46 ab 72.97 a 31350 b 4 11.22a 73.48 a 33866 a 8 9.96b 70.70 ab 28380 c CD(P=0.01) ** ** ** 29 Mousavi et al. ( 2007) Location :Lorestan (Iran) Clay loam soil, pH 7.8

20. Zinc and Iron fertilization effect on growth and yield of potato Treatments Plant hei g ht ( cm) No. of sho o ts/ plant No. of leaves / plant No. of tubers / plant W eig ht / tuber Total tuber yield (q/ha ) Zinc kg ha -1 10 31.71 3.61 25.23 3.35 86.43 193.3 15 28.42 3.32 23.74 2.80 90.32 166.6 20 29.63 3.49 24.63 3.03 90.52 177.3 25 32.8 3.92 27.37 3.24 95.62 202.6 CD at 5% NS 0.33 NS 0.21 5.4 18.3 Fe level: 5 30.11 3.37 26.1 3.11 86.04 187.2 10 27.62 3.18 24.3 2.99 89.97 178.3 15 28.93 3.2 24.8 3.01 96.14 190.0 CD at 5% NS NS NS NS NS 10.3 30 Bhat and Jandial (1996) Location : Ponichak, Jammu Sandy loam soil, pH =6.4-6.5

21. Effect of micronutrients on yield and yield attributes of chilli Treatments Plant ht. ( cm) No. of br a nch es / plant No. of fruits / plant Yield q/ha ( red ripe) Control 60.52 7.46 157.45 18.88 Zn 0.1% 65.54 9.12 174.18 23.38 Fe 0.1% 62.28 8.64 164.84 19.90 B 0.1% 63.64 8.96 169.14 20.49 Zn 0.1% +Fe 0.1% 67.58 9.44 177.26 25.08 Zn 0.1%+ B 0.1% 68.24 10.94 181.52 26.04 Fe 0.1% + B 0.1% 63.92 9.02 172.66 22.32 Zn 0.1% + Fe 0.1% + B 0.1% 70.36 11.12 184.12 28.82 CD at 5% 3.74 2.29 5.31 2.38 Hatwar et al ., 2003 Location : Nagpur 31

22. Response of boron and calcium on plant growth, fruit and seed production of tomato Treatment Plant height (cm) No. of bran c he s / plant No. of fr u its/ plant Fruit yield q/ha Seed yield/ ha Boron level (kg borax/ha) 10 166.6 7.7 18.9 635.7 176.5 20 189.2 9.2 23.1 762.7 246.2 30 177.3 8.1 20.2 657.7 203.4 CD at 5% 9.0 0.5 0.9 37.6 13.7 Ca level (Kg calcium carbonate /ha) 10 186.5 8.8 23.8 783.4 243.7 20 176.2 8.4 19.9 665.4 199.6 30 170.3 7.8 18.6 607.3 182.9 CD at 5 % 9.0 0.5 0.9 37.6 13.7 32 Sharma (1995) Location :Kandaghat, Solan Sandy loam soil

23. Effect of Zinc, Boron and Iron on plant growth and yield of brinjal Treatments Plant ht. at harvest (cm) No. of fruits/ p lant Fruit y iel d / p lant (kg) Fruit yield (t/ha) Control 80.07 14.43 0.99 15.80 ZnSO 4 (0.2%) 83.70 17.18 1.40 21.52 FeSO 4 (0.5%) 82.37 15.02 1.22 19.48 Borax (0.2%) 80.75 14.73 1.02 16.65 CD (P=0.05) 2.41 0.92 0.06 1.43 33 Kiran et al .(2010) Location :Saidapur (Dharwad)

24. Effect of S and Mo on cauliflower yield (t/ha) Mo levels ( g ha -1 ) S levels ( kg ha -1 ) 20 40 29.2 39.0 44.7 80 35.4 40.7 44.9 160 30.4 43.1 48.8 CD (P= 0.05) S=6.9 , Mo= NS 34 Jaggi and Dixit (1995) Location : Sadarpur (kangra) HP Silty clay loam, pH 6.5

25. Effect of zinc on yield of cauliflower Zinc concentration ( %) Curd Yield (q/ha ) 0.0 ( control) 132.79 0.3 134.04 0.6 137.53 0.9 152.91 1.2 158.38 1.5 147.43 CD at 5 % 2.58 35 Singh et al. (1991) Location : Faizabad (U.P.) Sandy loam soil, pH 8.4

26. Effect of nickel on yield of chickpea, lentil and mustard Treatment mg Ni / kg soil Grain Yield (g/pot) Chickpea Lentil Mustard 7.3 4.2 3.1 2.5 7.3 4.2 3.2 5.0 6.9 3.6 3.3 7.5 6.0 3.4 3.1 10.0 5.2 3.1 3.0 20.0 4.3 2.3 2.5 CD (P=0.05) 0.93 0.45 0.32 36 Gupta et al. (1996) Location :Hisar (Haryana) Loamy sand soil.pH =8.0

27. Effect of zinc application on yield attributes and yield of mustard Zn levels (kg Zn/ha) Yield attributes Yield (q/ha) No. of siliquae/ plant No. of seeds/ siliqua Seed yield Total dry matter yield 242.65 11.65 15.95 65.52 1.25 246.30 12.10 16.96 69.77 2.50 246.15 12.40 17.65 69.93 5.00 248.58 12.35 17.85 71.15 7.50 303.70 14.58 17.95 69.69 10.00 246.25 12.10 17.49 68.18 CD (P=0.05) 30.71 0.23 0.87 NS 37 Khan et al. (2003) Location :Badaun Distt (U.P.) Loamy sand soil, pH 7.9

28. Table 16: Effect of boron application on groundnut yield B levels (kg/ha) Yield (q/ha ) Pod Straw 11.4 23.9 1.5 13.2 35.3 3.0 15.3 41.9 4.5 11.9 33.7 38 Kumar et al.(1996) Location : Ranchi, Bihar Acid soil

29. Effect of molybdenum on oil content and yield of groundnut Treatments Oil content Pod yield (g/ha) Control 47.88 14.09 Mo @2g/ kg seed 49.40 17.46 Mo @4g/ kg seed 50.09 18.62 CD ( P=0.05) 0.30 4.37 39 Behera et al .(2011)

30. 51 Concl u sion Micronutrients in crop production are important, and they deserve equal attention similar to that of macronutrients. Micronutrient deficiency drastically affect the growth and inhibits different metabolic and enzymatic activities. Application of micronutrients significantly increases the yield of cereal, vegetables, oilseed and pulse crops. Micronutrient application also enhances the uptake of nutrients like N,P,K and S.