Important Political Events from 1857 to 1947.pptx

IDEOLOGICAL RATIONALE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SIR SYEDAHMED KHAN, ALLAMA MUHAMMAD IQBAL AND QUAID-I-AZAMMUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH.Ideology of Pakistan
Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is deeply ingrained inthe social consciousness of the people. It is a set of principles, a framework of action andguidance system that gives order and meaning to life and human action.Ideology emphasizes on some particular principles, ideals and blueprint for the future. It is areview of the existing political, social and economic arrangements that create consciousness based on its principles. It legitimizes or delegitimizes certain actions and philosophies.Ideology gives nation a direction and worldview and its implementation is the responsibility ofthe concerned people.
Ideology of Pakistan
The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translatedit into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing ObjectivesResolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates.

1. Important Political Events from 1857 to 1947

2. 1857: Indian Rebellion of 1857 (First War of Independence) A major uprising against British rule by Indian soldiers and civilians, marking a significant resistance to British colonization. 1858: Government of India Act 1858 After the suppression of the rebellion, the British Crown took direct control of India from the East India Company, formally beginning the British Raj. 1861: Indian Councils Act This act expanded the role of Indian representatives in the legislative process, allowing for limited participation by Indian elites. 1877: Queen Victoria Declared Empress of India Queen Victoria was declared the "Empress of India," solidifying British control and the symbolic importance of India within the British Empire. 1885: Formation of Indian National Congress (INC) The Indian National Congress was established, initially as a platform for dialogue among Indian elites and British rulers. Over time, it became the principal organization advocating for Indian independence.

3. 1892: Indian Councils Act This act expanded the participation of Indians in legislative councils but still maintained significant British control. 1905: Partition of Bengal The British partitioned Bengal into Hindu-majority West Bengal and Muslim-majority East Bengal, creating religious and political unrest. 1906: Formation of the All India Muslim League The Muslim League was formed in Dhaka to protect Muslim political rights and advocate for the interests of the Muslim minority. 1909: Morley- Minto Reforms (Indian Councils Act 1909) This act introduced limited reforms, including separate electorates for Muslims, allowing them to elect their own representatives. 1911: Reversal of Bengal Partition Due to widespread protests, the British government reversed the partition of Bengal, reuniting the province but intensifying Hindu-Muslim tensions. 1914–1918: World War I Indian soldiers fought for the British Empire in World War I, leading to increased demands for political concessions in return for their service.

4. 1916: Lucknow Pact The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League agreed to cooperate for the first time, demanding greater self-governance and reforms from the British. 1917: Montagu Declaration Edwin Montagu, Secretary of State for India, promised "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration" and the "gradual development of self-governing institutions." 1919: Rowlatt Act The British government passed the Rowlatt Act, extending wartime repressive measures and allowing for the arrest and detention of Indians without trial, leading to widespread protests. 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre British troops under General Dyer fired upon a peaceful protest in Amritsar, killing hundreds of unarmed civilians. This event significantly intensified the Indian independence movement. 1919: Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) These reforms introduced a system of " dyarchy ," with some powers devolved to Indian ministers, though key areas remained under British control. 1920–1922: Non-Cooperation Movement Led by Mahatma Gandhi, the Indian National Congress launched a nationwide non-cooperation campaign against British rule, including boycotts of British goods and institutions.

5. 1922: Chauri Chaura Incident During the Non-Cooperation Movement, violence broke out in Chauri Chaura , leading Gandhi to call off the movement, as he insisted on non-violence. 1927: Simon Commission The British government appointed a commission to review constitutional reforms, but no Indian members were included. This led to widespread protests, with the slogan "Simon Go Back." 1928: Nehru Report In response to the Simon Commission, a committee led by Motilal Nehru proposed a constitution for India, demanding full dominion status within the British Empire. 1929: Lahore Session of the INC At this session, the Indian National Congress declared complete independence ( Purna Swaraj ) as its goal and set January 26, 1930, as the day of independence. 1930–1932: Round Table Conferences A series of conferences were held in London between British officials and Indian leaders to discuss constitutional reforms, but no consensus was reached. 1930: Allama Iqbal's Allahabad Address During the Muslim League's annual session, Allama Iqbal proposed the idea of a separate Muslim state in north-western India, laying the ideological foundation for Pakistan. 1932: Communal Award The British government announced separate electorates for minorities, including Muslims, Sikhs, and Dalits , leading to divisions within Indian society.

6. 1935: Government of India Act 1935 The act provided for provincial autonomy and expanded the electorate but stopped short of granting full independence. It laid the groundwork for the federal structure that would later emerge in India and Pakistan. 1940: Lahore Resolution (Pakistan Resolution) The Muslim League, under Muhammad Ali Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, calling for independent states for Muslims in the north-west and east of India. This was the formal beginning of the demand for Pakistan. 1942: Quit India Movement The Indian National Congress launched the Quit India Movement, calling for an immediate end to British rule. The British responded with mass arrests and repression. 1942: Cripps Mission A British mission led by Sir Stafford Cripps offered India dominion status after World War II, but the proposal was rejected by both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. 1946: Cabinet Mission Plan The British government sent a mission to India to propose a framework for independence. The plan recommended a united India with significant provincial autonomy, but disagreements between the INC and the Muslim League led to its failure. 1946: Direct Action Day The Muslim League, led by Jinnah, called for "Direct Action" to press the demand for Pakistan. This resulted in communal riots, particularly in Calcutta, leading to large-scale violence. 1947: Mountbatten Plan Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, proposed the partition of British India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan. The plan was accepted by both the INC and the Muslim League. August 14-15, 1947: Independence and Partition